Instrumentation for X-ray astronomy

Less than five decades ago, the first X-ray observations of the sky were made using simple devices such as film and geiger counters with crude collimators. These instruments were carried aloft by sounding rockets and made observations lasting only a few minutes at most. Today, orbiting observatories, utilizing high-resolution CCDs at the focus of arc sec optics, have lifetimes measured in years. To maintain the pace of discovery in X-ray astronomy, detectors must continue to evolve into devices of ever increasing sensitivity and sophistication. Further progress depends upon a host of technologies: grazing incidence optics, proportional counters, semiconductors, calorimeters, etc. In this article we present a brief qualitative overview of these technologies and of the principles behind them, as well as some examples of how they are employed in scientific missions for X-ray observations at energies up to 100 keV.     

Direct measurement of the composition and spectra of cosmic rays above 1 TeV/amu from Jacee

Direct measurements on cosmic ray protons through iron above about 1 TeV/amu have been performed in a series of balloon-borne experiments with emulsion chambers. The measured energy spectra of protons and helium are power laws with exponents of 2.77 ± 0.09 and 2.72 ± 0.11 in the energy range 5 to 500 TeV and 2 to 50 TeV/amu, respectively. The proton spectrum shows no evidence of the steepening near 2 TeV which was reported by other experiments. Helium has a slightly higher intensity compared to extrapolations from lower energy measurements. The heavier elements, carbon to sulfur, show a small tendency for intensity enhancement in the relative abundance above 10 TeV/amu.     

在专业人才培养上的一个新尝试

本文就改革原教学模式,走继续工程教育和企校挂钩联合办学的道路,突出教学为生产服务的原则,尝试了一种新的办学方式,即:继续工程教育“4 1”和联合办学的“3 1”模式,进行了简明扼要的论述。     

立式捏合机搅拌桨的设计

介绍了立式捏合机搅拌桨的设计方法和几何参数的计算方法;推导了两搅拌桨螺旋升角的关系式,根据捏合原理,建立了搅拌桨水平截面曲线的数学模型。     

Effects of heavy particle irradiation and diet on object recognition memory in rats

On long-duration missions to other planets astronauts will be exposed to types and doses of radiation that are not experienced in low earth orbit. Previous research using a ground-based model for exposure to cosmic rays has shown that exposure to heavy particles, such as ⁵⁶Fe, disrupts spatial learning and memory measured using the Morris water maze. Maintaining rats on diets containing antioxidant phytochemicals for 2 weeks prior to irradiation ameliorated this deficit. The present experiments were designed to determine: (1) the generality of the particle-induced disruption of memory by examining the effects of exposure to ⁵⁶Fe particles on object recognition memory; and (2) whether maintaining rats on these antioxidant diets for 2 weeks prior to irradiation would also ameliorate any potential deficit. The results showed that exposure to low doses of ⁵⁶Fe particles does disrupt recognition memory and that maintaining rats on antioxidant diets containing blueberry and strawberry extract for only 2 weeks was effective in ameliorating the disruptive effects of irradiation. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms by which exposure to these particles may produce effects on neurocognitive performance.     

上海,我的第二个家

在中国的六年让我特别钟爱一个城市——上海。在我看来,上海是我居住和工作过的城市中最有意思的。每天出现眼前,匆匆经过的那些华丽而古老的建筑是我喜欢上海的原因之一。上海在这方面是独一无二的,因为她是世界上拥有艺术设计风格建筑最多的城市,没有任何一个城市可以与她媲美。所以,当你踱步在外滩边或徜徉在那些狭窄的弄堂里时,你会感受到在其他任何一个地方都不能有的特别体验。并且,由于我非常喜欢摄影,这种体验对于我来讲就更为珍贵了。     

大学生马克思主义信仰教育：问题与对策

本文在调查研究的基础上对大学生的马克思主义信仰状况进行了分析，找出了理性信仰感性化、信仰分布多元化、入党动机功利化、理论教育不得力等问题。问题的原因有理论教育队伍的素质与教育目标的要求不相适应，教育的方式方法与目标要求不相适应，应试教育的弊端、就业的压力与迷茫、多元信息的吸引与诱惑，马克思主义在大学生信仰中的地位悄然变化等。相应的思路与对策有切实加强师资队伍建设，切实把信仰教育纳入社会系统工程，切实加强党风廉政建设、消除腐败现象对信仰教育的负面影响，切实提高大学生信仰选择能力。     

Constraints on the Structure of the Heliospheric Interface Based on Lyα Absorption Spectra

Spectroscopic observations of the hydrogen Lyα lines from nearby stars taken by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) sometimes show absorption signatures from the heliosphere. This absorption is a unique diagnostic of material in the outermost parts of our heliosphere. We summarize how the HST data have been used to test various models of the heliosphere, particularly new 3-dimensional MHD models that have recently become available. We also focus on new detections of heliospheric absorption in very downwind directions, which can only be modeled using heliospheric model codes with extended grids in the downwind direction. We illustrate a couple attempts to reproduce this absorption using a couple of these extended tail models.     

First Systematic Testing Platform for Pressurization Feed System Developed for Liquid Rocket Propellant in China

Beijing Aerospace System Engineering Institute of China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT) declared recently that theinstitute has set up a laboratory whichwould operate a newly developed