直角坐标装配机器人动态特性实验研究

运用实验分析法,对863直角坐标机器人进行了动态特性测试.测量了机器人在空载和负载工况下,终端突然停止运动时的振动波形和衰减时间;进行了机器人在工作范围内典型位置的振动模态分析;提出了改善直角坐标机器人动态特性的建议.      

分层切削加工有限元仿真分析

采用有限元分析方法,利用有限元增量理论,建立了二维金属切削仿真模型,分析中采用网格自适应准则,模拟了金属分层切削加工过程.得到了每次切削加工的切削力、工件变形和加工后已加工表面的残余应力的大小以及分布状况,并进行了分析.     

The determination of ice composition with instruments on cometary landers

The determination of the composition of materials that make up comets is essential in trying to understand the origin of these primitive objects. The ices especially could be made in several different astrophysical settings including the solar nebula, protosatellite nebulae of the giant planets, and giant molecular clouds that predate the formation of the solar system. Each of these environments makes different ices with different composition. In order to understand the origin of comets, one needs to determine the composition of each of the ice phases. For example, it is of interest to know that comets contain carbon monoxide, CO, but it is much more important to know how much of it is a pure solid phase, is trapped in clathrate hydrates, or is adsorbed on amorphous water ice. In addition, knowledge of the isotopic composition of the constituents will help determine the process that formed the compounds. Finally, it is important to understand the bulk elemental composition of the nucleus. When these data are compared with solar abundances, they put strong constraints on the macro-scale processes that formed the comet. A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and an evolved gas analyzer (EGA) will make the necessary association between molecular constituents and their host phases. This combination of instruments takes a small (tens of mg) sample of the comet and slowly heats it in a sealed oven. As the temperature is raised, the DSC precisely measures the heat required, and delivers the gases to the EGA. Changes in the heat required to raise the temperature at a controlled rate are used to identify phase transitions, e.g., crystallization of amorphous ice or melting of hexagonal ice, and the EGA correlates the gases released with the phase transition. The EGA consists of two mass spectrometers run in tandem. The first mass spectrometer is a magnetic-sector ion-momentum analyzer (MAG), and the second is an electrostatic time-of-flight analyzer (TOF). The TOF acts as a detector for the MAG and serves to resolve ambiguities between fragments of similar mass such as CO and N2. Because most of the compounds of interest for the volatile ices are simple, a gas chromatograph is not needed and thus more integration time is available to determine isotopic ratios. A gamma-ray spectrometer (GRS) will determine the elemental abundances of the bulk cometary material by determining the flux of gamma rays produced from the interaction of the cometary material with cosmic ray produced neutrons. Because the gamma rays can penetrate a distance of several tens of centimeters a large volume of material is analyzed. The measured composition is, therefore, much more likely to be representative of the bulk comet than a very small sample that might have lost some of its volatiles. Making these measurements on a lander offers substantial advantages over trying to address similar objectives from an orbiter. For example, an orbiter instrument can determine the presence and isotopic composition of CO in the cometary coma, but only a lander can determine the phase(s) in which the CO is located and separately determine the isotopic composition of each reservoir of CO. The bulk composition of the nucleus might be constrained from separate orbiter analyses of dust and gas in the coma, but the result will be very model dependent, as the ratio of gas to dust in the comet will vary and will not necessarily be equal to the bulk value.     

非预混喷注对旋转爆震发动机影响的数值研究

为了研究真实情况下非预混喷注对旋转爆震发动机工作过程的影响,采用氢氧7组分8步化学反应的基元反应模型,忽略黏性、热传导和扩散等输运效应。对真实情况下燃料(H₂)和氧化剂(Air)分开喷注的旋转爆轰发动机进行三维数值模拟,深入分析了非预混条件下的旋转爆震波流场结构,探讨了燃料喷注方式对发动机性能的影响。计算结果表明:本文方法可有效模拟燃料与氧化剂非预混喷注的旋转爆震波流场。在给定的计算条件下,不同喷注方式发动机的爆震波平均传播速度大约为1640~1840 m/s;平均推力为90~100 N;基于混合物的比冲为820~900 m/s。随着燃料喷注位置的前移,发动机性能明显提高;燃料喷注角度对发动机性能影响较小,随着喷注角度的减小,发动机性能逐渐提高,提高幅度较小;燃料双侧喷注的性能明显优于单侧喷注。旋转爆震发动机的性能与燃料/氧化剂的冷流掺混效果成正比。     

基于离散元的粉末燃料输送弯管两相流特性研究

弯管是粉末燃料冲压发动机燃料输送系统的重要组成部分,为了研究弯管内气固两相流的流场结构、颗粒碰撞以及压力损失的变化规律,基于连续相-离散元（CFD-DEM）耦合模型,考虑颗粒的碰撞受力和弹塑性形变,对铝粉在弯管内的流动状况进行数值仿真。研究结果表明：CFD-DEM算法相对于传统的双流体模型和轨道法,能更为准确地描述颗粒流的碰撞信息和两相流的流动状况。弯管内的总压损失随流化气流量的增加,呈先减少再增加的趋势,在本文研究的条件下,优选的流化气流量为6g/s~7g/s(流化气速度为3.0m/s~3.5m/s);在低流速下,颗粒间的碰撞次数远大于颗粒-壁面间的碰撞,随着流速的增高,颗粒与外侧壁面间的碰撞次数迅速增高,并导致颗粒-壁面间的碰撞次数超过颗粒间的碰撞。弯管的弯径越大,弯管内的总压损失越大,但颗粒-颗粒、颗粒-壁面的碰撞次数均减少。     

壁面温度对斜爆震发动机进气道流动特性影响的数值研究

为研究壁面温度条件对层流、转捩、湍流状态下斜爆震发动机进气道流场结构、流场参数的影响,选取Ma10级、具有曲面压缩段的斜爆震发动机进气道为研究对象进行数值模拟,对进气道壁面附近激波诱导分离区、热边界层的变化进行了深入探讨。数值模拟结果表明,进气道肩部圆弧过渡段出现的再层流化现象,壁面冷却对其起抑制作用,绝热壁面条件下再层流化程度最为严重。壁面温度的增加有利于延缓流动转捩,同时也导致了分离区尺寸的增加以及转捩、湍流状态下分离区主体位置逐渐前移,进气道内通道的转捩为分离诱导转捩,转捩位置主要受到分离点位置的影响,整体表现为壁面温度增加转捩位置前移。进气道出口顶板侧热边界层厚度随着壁面温度的增加逐渐变厚,转捩状态下热边界层厚度变化可达5%,温度峰值也随着壁面温度的增加逐渐增加,且峰值位置逐渐靠近壁面。壁面温度条件相同时,层流状态下热流、热边界层厚度均较小。转捩、湍流状态下进气道出口顶板侧热边界层较厚,约为层流状态3倍,同时转捩、湍流状态下热边界层厚度相差可达2%。     

氢能源民用飞机技术路线与总体概念设计方法研究

本文以实现民用飞机净零碳排放为目标,寻找可以在未来投入大规模应用的新能源动力形式。从能量密度、功率密度、减碳以及能源经济性等维度开展对比评估,结合通勤飞机、窄体干线、宽体客机等典型座级航程的各级别民机产品的能源动力系统的质量对比,本研究认为“氢能源+涡轮机”将是未来新能源民用飞机最具可行性的能源动力组合。建立了适用于氢能飞机的总体设计流程,针对窄体干线氢能客机开展总体设计,采用阻力分解方法估算气动效率,多种分类质量计算方法估算空重,经过设计迭代形成可行的氢能飞机总体参数和初步概念方案。分析结果表明,对于窄体干线级别民机,采用“氢能源+涡轮机”的动力架构使该级别飞机起飞质量比传统燃油飞机增加不到10%。考虑到未来10～20年氢能动力系统和机载氢燃料存储技术可预见的突破,氢能飞机是实现航空运输净零碳排放的非常具有潜力的解决方案。     

Molecular identification of cyanobacteria associated with stromatolites from distinct geographical locations

Modern stromatolites represent a significant resource for studying microbial ecology and evolution. A preliminary investigation was undertaken employing specific genetic probes to characterize the cyanobacteria responsible for stromatolite construction in a range of environments, including microbial mats found in Australia not previously examined with molecular methods. Isolates of cyanobacteria were collected from stromatolites in thermal springs, hypersaline lakes, and oceanic fringes on two continents. A polymerase chain reaction specific for DNA of cyanobacterial 16S rRNA was developed, the resulting products of the DNA amplification reaction were sequenced, and the data were used to infer relatedness between the isolates studied and other members of the cyanobacterial radiation. Complete sequence was generated for the region from position 27 to 408 for 13 strains of cyanobacteria associated with stromatolites. All stromatolite-derived sequences were most closely related to cyanobacteria, as indicated by local sequence alignment. It was possible to correlate genetic identity with morphological nomenclatures and to expand the phylogeny of benthic cyanobacteria. These inferences were also expanded to temporal variation in the dominant resident cyanobacterial species based on sampling of surface and core sinter laminations. Under the methods employed, only one cyanobacterial strain was detected in each sample, suggesting the possible dominance of a specific clonal population of cyanobacteria at any one time in the biota of the samples tested. The data indicate that internal core samples of a stromatolite at least 10 years old can be successfully analyzed by DNA-based methods to identify preserved cyanobacteria.     

试论航空工业机械加工的技术改造

我国的航空工业在解放后一直处于国家重点扶持和重点发展的优越地位,三十多年来形成了一个门类齐全的可观的技术队伍.现在的航空工业有着相当雄厚的物质基础和巨大的生产力.在过去的历史条件下,为我国的国防事业和国民经济建设作出了一定的贡献.现今,随着国民经济的发展,要求我们的航空工业不仅要生产军品,而且要大量生产民品,在这些军、民品中,机械加工的工作量是很大的,一般在70%左右,而且在相当长的一段时间里,这些机械产品所用的基本结构材料仍占主导地位,达到80%以上.所以、工厂在机械加工方面的技术改造显得尤为重要.     

深化后勤改革,提高服务质量

一、深化我校后勤改革是形势的需要 后勤工作是学校工作的重要组成部分,后勤服务工作直接关系到学校的稳定与发展,直接影响着广大师生员工的生活、工作和学习。后勤系统又是需要经费较多的一个部门,以近两年为例,后勤经费(不含人头费)约占全校教育经费的20～25％。近年来,由于部拨教育经费严重不足,而在教育经费中人头费比重逐年增加(目前已占到70％左右),为保证教学工作的正常进行,保证人头费的必要支出,学校就无力保证后勤经费的正常支付,使后勤经费问题更显得捉襟见肘。国家经济发展的总体形势和航空工业部转变为企业化的航空工业总公司的现实告许我们,我校的教育经费短期内不会明显增加,要搞好学校的后勤工作只有靠深化改革,向改革要效益、找出路。