大型火箭发动机的壳体粘结问题

大型药柱的壳体粘结很少进行研究,往往成为火箭发动机生产中很困难的问题。当柔软的橡胶与坚硬的金属壳体粘结时,在粘结线上产生应力集中,会使成品发动机变得不能用。推进剂和壳体粘结的常用方法是采用可固化的胶粘剂包复层。业已证明,包复层和推进剂之间必须具有化学相似性才能很好粘结。本文列举了具体体现这一概念的粘结系统实例,并叙述其间有关的特殊化学反应。     

通用数据压缩方法

通用和自适应的数据压缩技术具有压缩各类意据而不丢失信息的能力。但是!这种技术复杂且计算速度慢。由硬件速度的提高及计算成本的下降,使通用数据压缩的应用成为可能。该文对自适应Huffman和Lempel一Ziv压缩算法进行了性能评估,对大小不同的意据文件的压缩比和运行时问关系作了图示并进行了讨论,大体给出了些算法为获得相对于理论上可实现的极限的最佳:峰能所需的调整。     

使用连续流动法测量高氯酸铵表面积

1、引言为了予测复合固体推进剂的弹道性能,必须要知道推进剂中各组份的粒度或表面积。在塑料型推进剂的制造过程中固体粒子会发生机械破碎,尽管如此,仍发现高氯酸铵的初始表面积与推进剂的弹道性能有关。爆炸物研制公司(ERDE)测量高氯酸铵表面积的作法是采用以空气渗透法为基础的菲希尔(Fisher)筛分机。由于塑料型推进剂中使用的高氯酸铵的比表面积范围通常为1000～9000cm~2/cm~3(0.051～0.46m~2/g),因此,菲希尔法完全能满足这一要求。为了生产较高燃速的推进剂,爆炸物研制公司最近研究的推进剂配方中含有更细的高氯酸铵(9000～10000cm~2/cm~3)。在端羧基聚丁二烯和端羟基聚丁二烯两种橡胶型推进剂中,即     

EDEN: a payload dedicated to neurovestibular research for Neurolab

The European Space Agency contributes to the Neurolab mission through the delivery of the ESA Developed Elements for Neurolab (EDEN). Those elements include one set supporting the Autonomic Nervous System experiment and one set supporting the Neurovestibular (so-called ATLAS) experiment. This second set is called the Visual and Vestibular Investigation System (VVIS). This paper describes the main characteristics of the VVIS and its various subsystems. The scientific objectives and operational constraints of the ATLAS experiment to be carried out with this equipment during Neurolab are presented to underline the correspondence between the VVIS design and the scientific requirements. Further scientific and technical perspectives for the VVIS, particularly within the scope of the International Space station, are also proposed.     

Psychophysiological reactivity under Mir-simulation and real micro-G

A complex psychophysiological test battery (ECG, blood pressure, SCL, finger temperature e.t.c.) was applied on two subjects in space. It could be shown that the subjects react under space conditions differently than on earth. The data received could be classified into four types of regulation. The subjects changed this type of regulation during the flight and returned to their former pattern after the flight.     

涡轮叶栅前缘上游端壁气膜冷却的流场实验研究

对前缘上游端壁有单排和双排孔冷却的大尺寸低速涡轮导向叶栅进行了气动测量、热示踪和端壁流场显示,在吹风比1～3范围获得了叶栅内的详细流场、冷气的空间分布和端壁上的流动图案。结合先前测得的没有冷却时的流场数据,这些结果表明端壁气膜冷却对叶栅流场结构有重大影响,吹风比是主宰射流与二次流间相互作用的主要因素,双排孔喷射使冷气比单排孔喷射更贴近端壁。低吹风比喷射冷气不能到达压力面并被二次流逐渐卷离端壁;中吹风比喷射有效的抑制了二次流的形成,并使端壁流线偏向于无粘流流线,冷气很均匀的覆盖在端壁上。      

颗粒气体的类气液相变

颗粒体系是远离平衡态的复杂耗散体系,在外力驱动下,能表现出类似于固体、液体或气体的特性.在稀疏的颗粒气体中,由于耗散,体系中常常会形成颗粒在局部的凝聚.这种凝聚行为具有自发对称性破缺的特征,使得颗粒气体中自动形成高密度区域和低密度区域共存的非均匀状态,类似于气体中液滴的形成.本文利用零重力条件下的三维颗粒气体理论模型进行计算和分析,揭示了颗粒气体这一相变行为的不稳定性根源及类气液相变本质,给出了颗粒气体中这种相分离发生的临界条件,并通过分子动力学模拟进行检验,结果从定性上和定量上都能够很好地吻合,为进一步的空间实验提供了理论依据和相关实验参数.     

Microbial populations in Antarctic permafrost: biodiversity, state, age, and implication for astrobiology

Antarctic permafrost soils have not received as much geocryological and biological study as has been devoted to the ice sheet, though the permafrost is more stable and older and inhabited by more microbes. This makes these soils potentially more informative and a more significant microbial repository than ice sheets. Due to the stability of the subsurface physicochemical regime, Antarctic permafrost is not an extreme environment but a balanced natural one. Up to 10(4) viable cells/g, whose age presumably corresponds to the longevity of the permanently frozen state of the sediments, have been isolated from Antarctic permafrost. Along with the microbes, metabolic by-products are preserved. This presumed natural cryopreservation makes it possible to observe what may be the oldest microbial communities on Earth. Here, we describe the Antarctic permafrost habitat and biodiversity and provide a model for martian ecosystems.     

Hydrogeologic controls on episodic H2 release from precambrian fractured rocks--energy for deep subsurface life on earth and mars

Dissolved H(2) concentrations up to the mM range and H(2) levels up to 9-58% by volume in the free gas phase are reported for groundwaters at sites in the Precambrian shields of Canada and Finland. Along with previously reported dissolved H(2) concentrations up to 7.4 mM for groundwaters from the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa, these findings indicate that deep Precambrian Shield fracture waters contain some of the highest levels of dissolved H(2) ever reported and represent a potentially important energy-rich environment for subsurface microbial life. The delta (2)H isotope signatures of H(2) gas from Canada, Finland, and South Africa are consistent with a range of H(2)-producing water-rock reactions, depending on the geologic setting, which include both serpentinization and radiolysis. In Canada and Finland, several of the sites are in Archean greenstone belts characterized by ultramafic rocks that have under-gone serpentinization and may be ancient analogues for serpentinite-hosted gases recently reported at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field and other hydrothermal seafloor deposits. The hydrogeologically isolated nature of these fracture-controlled groundwater systems provides a mechanism whereby the products of water-rock interaction accumulate over geologic timescales, which produces correlations between high H(2) levels, abiogenic hydrocarbon signatures, and the high salinities and highly altered delta (18)O and delta (2)H values of these groundwaters. A conceptual model is presented that demonstrates how periodic opening of fractures and resultant mixing control the distribution and supply of H(2) and support a microbial community of H(2)-utilizing sulfate reducers and methanogens.