美空军考虑改进B-52H使之适应21世纪作战要求

美国军方目前仍把远程轰炸机列为其关键武器装备范畴之内。为此,空军正在考虑进一步改进其现有的B-52H轰炸机,使之继续服役至2030年。改型的重点将放在改善其常规作战能力上,以使它们成为具有高效双任务能力的远程轰炸机,驰骋在下一世纪的战空。空军现拥有一个有94架B-52H轰炸机的机队,打算对其中的一多半飞机进行这种增强常规作战能力的改型。改型的主要项目包括:增加挂载AGM-84“鱼叉”导弹的设备;增加一个综合外挂武器管理系统;一个多用途炸弹舱连接装置和全球定位导航系统。其中10架改进型还打算布     

Trojans in habitable zones

With the aid of numerical experiments we examined the dynamical stability of fictitious terrestrial planets in 1:1 mean motion resonance with Jovian-like planets of extrasolar planetary systems. In our stability study of the so-called "Trojan" planets in the habitable zone, we used the restricted three-body problem with different mass ratios of the primary bodies. The application of the three-body problem showed that even massive Trojan planets can be stable in the 1:1 mean motion resonance. From the 117 extrasolar planetary systems only 11 systems were found with one giant planet in the habitable zone. Out of this sample set we chose four planetary systems--HD17051, HD27442, HD28185, and HD108874--for further investigation. To study the orbital behavior of the stable zone in the different systems, we used direct numerical computations (Lie Integration Method) that allowed us to determine the escape times and the maximum eccentricity of the fictitious "Trojan planets."     

Beyond the principle of plentitude: a review of terrestrial planet habitability

We review recent work that directly or indirectly addresses the habitability of terrestrial (rocky) planets like the Earth. Habitability has been traditionally defined in terms of an orbital semimajor axis within a range known as the habitable zone, but it is also well known that the habitability of Earth is due to many other astrophysical, geological, and geochemical factors. We focus this review on (1) recent refinements to habitable zone calculations; (2) the formation and orbital stability of terrestrial planets; (3) the tempo and mode of geologic activity (e.g., plate tectonics) on terrestrial planets; (4) the delivery of water to terrestrial planets in the habitable zone; and (5) the acquisition and loss of terrestrial planet carbon and nitrogen, elements that constitute important atmospheric gases responsible for habitable conditions on Earth's surface as well as being the building blocks of the biosphere itself. Finally, we consider recent work on evidence for the earliest habitable environments and the appearance of life itself on our planet. Such evidence provides us with an important, if nominal, calibration point for our search for other habitable worlds.     

Toward optimizing lighting as a countermeasure to sleep and circadian disruption in space flight

Light is being used as a pre-launch countermeasure to circadian and sleep disruption in astronauts. The effect of light on the circadian system is readily monitored by measurement of plasma melatonin. Our group has established an action spectrum for human melatonin regulation and determined the region of 446-477 nm to be the most potent for suppressing plasma melatonin. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of 460 and 555 nm for suppressing melatonin using a within-subjects design. Subjects (N=12) were exposed to equal photon densities (7.18 x 10(12) photons/cm2/s) at 460 and 555 nm. Melatonin suppression was significantly stronger at 460 nm (p<0.02). An extension to the action spectrum showed that 420 nm light at 16 and 32 microW/cm2 significantly suppressed melatonin (p<0.04 and p<0.002). These studies will help optimize lighting countermeasures to circadian and sleep disruption during spaceflight.     

Recent results of the joint ESA-DARA/IBMP experiments Biokosmos "Seeds"

Comparison of experimental data obtained from short (SDEF) and long duration exposure flights (LDEF) have recently led to results which will be significant for longer and/or repeated sojourn of man in space. Under orbital conditions biological stress and damage are induced in test subjects by cosmic radiation, especially the high energetic, densely ionizing component of heavy ions. Plant seeds were successful model systems for a biotest in studying the physiological damages and mutagenic effect caused by ionizing cosmic radiation in particular stem cells. Dosimetrically, the subdivision into charge- and Let-groups reveals the contribution of the intermediate group (LET = 350-1000 MeV/cm) due to the medium heavy ions (Z = 6-10). Their relative contribution increases with the lower inclination of the orbit of LDEF-1; on the other hand, the total fluence becomes higher with longer duration of the flight. The observed endpoints of the biological radiation damage hint at a correlation with particle dose rate rather than with the dose; additionally, data on shielding effects inside and outside the space craft and its exposure were gained from the different SDEF- and LDEF-missions.     

小型化GPS接收机

首先介绍小型化 GPS 接收机的设计思想、数字化、按功能分配集成芯片模块、射频,中频电路采用 MMIC,数字电路采用 VHSIC/VLSI 等。给出接收机的组成。然后讨论合成 MMIC 信号处理蕊片、多功能接口蕊片及数字处理芯片等。软件用 Ada 语言编写,文中列出软件的主要功能。     

机载雷达跟踪时的抗干扰方法（2）

根据国内外文献研究了机载雷达跟踪时的抗干扰方法和设备的发展现状及方向。     

航天飞机小尺寸烧蚀喷管试验

近来,使用小尺寸喷管试验,鉴定了有希望的新型碳酚醛烧蚀材料。这些材料采用短粘胶纤维.聚丙烯腈纤维和沥青基碳布制成。为喷气推进试验室48英寸碳发动机设计的4英寸喉径潜入式喷管,用来鉴定有20种烧蚀材料的5种不同的设计。这种装有3200磅航天飞机固体火箭发动机使用的推进剂(聚丁二烯丙烯酸丙烯腈)药柱,提供的燃烧室压力——时间条件,类似于航天飞机固体火箭发动机最初45秒的工作环境。     

航天发动机推进—现状报告

自1974年以来,根据赛奥科尔公司提出的计划,用静态点火试车验证了顶级火箭发动机设计的主要进展。发动机弹道性能的改进和质量比的提高,在装药量为450—1650公斤,直径为0.7、0.9和1.2米的几种发动机上得到了验证。大多数技术改进都用设计的每种发动机进行几台静态点火试验验证过,并且根据合同正在研制的近地点和远地点发动机采用了这些技术。这些改进包括:端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)复合推进剂;柱槽型的药柱设计;碳—碳出口锥的深潜入喷管;在喷管潜入部分周围安装一个环形的小火箭式点火器和低密度三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)壳体绝热层。     

Proposal for a new radiation dose control system for future manned space flights

Radiation risk on a future long-duration manned space mission appears to be one of the basic factors in planning and designing the mission. Since 1988 different active dosimetric investigations has been performed on board the MIR space station by the Bulgarian-Russian dosimeter-radiometer LIULIN and French tissue-equivalent proportional counters CIRCE and NAUSICAA. A joint French-Bulgarian-Russian dosimetry experiment and the dosimetry-radiometry system RADIUS-MD have been developed for the future MARS-96 mission. On the base of the results and experience of these investigations a conception for a new radiation dose control system for the future orbital stations, lunar bases and interplanetary space ships is proposed. The proposed system which consists of different instruments will allow personal radiation control for crew members, radiation monitoring inside and outside each habitat, analysis and forecasting of the situation and will suggest procedures to minimize the radiation risk.