航天飞机小尺寸烧蚀喷管试验

近来,使用小尺寸喷管试验,鉴定了有希望的新型碳酚醛烧蚀材料。这些材料采用短粘胶纤维.聚丙烯腈纤维和沥青基碳布制成。为喷气推进试验室48英寸碳发动机设计的4英寸喉径潜入式喷管,用来鉴定有20种烧蚀材料的5种不同的设计。这种装有3200磅航天飞机固体火箭发动机使用的推进剂(聚丁二烯丙烯酸丙烯腈)药柱,提供的燃烧室压力——时间条件,类似于航天飞机固体火箭发动机最初45秒的工作环境。     

航天发动机推进—现状报告

自1974年以来,根据赛奥科尔公司提出的计划,用静态点火试车验证了顶级火箭发动机设计的主要进展。发动机弹道性能的改进和质量比的提高,在装药量为450—1650公斤,直径为0.7、0.9和1.2米的几种发动机上得到了验证。大多数技术改进都用设计的每种发动机进行几台静态点火试验验证过,并且根据合同正在研制的近地点和远地点发动机采用了这些技术。这些改进包括:端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)复合推进剂;柱槽型的药柱设计;碳—碳出口锥的深潜入喷管;在喷管潜入部分周围安装一个环形的小火箭式点火器和低密度三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)壳体绝热层。     

Proposal for a new radiation dose control system for future manned space flights

Radiation risk on a future long-duration manned space mission appears to be one of the basic factors in planning and designing the mission. Since 1988 different active dosimetric investigations has been performed on board the MIR space station by the Bulgarian-Russian dosimeter-radiometer LIULIN and French tissue-equivalent proportional counters CIRCE and NAUSICAA. A joint French-Bulgarian-Russian dosimetry experiment and the dosimetry-radiometry system RADIUS-MD have been developed for the future MARS-96 mission. On the base of the results and experience of these investigations a conception for a new radiation dose control system for the future orbital stations, lunar bases and interplanetary space ships is proposed. The proposed system which consists of different instruments will allow personal radiation control for crew members, radiation monitoring inside and outside each habitat, analysis and forecasting of the situation and will suggest procedures to minimize the radiation risk.     

Male and female characteristics in vestibular testing: a step toward the selection of the best participants for space flight

Vestibular disturbances in connection with space flight were reported by a majority of participating astronauts and cosmonauts. These include motion sickness symptoms in the first few days of the space flight, as well as standing, gait and orientation disturbances after the return to Earth. The Aerospace Medical Community has been trying to select those people that are particularly adapted to the above stresses or that can be further adapted through training programs. As the circle of selectees extends to women, the problem arises as to whether differences between men and women exist under the conditions of space flight. In seeking answers to this question we studied a group of 42 women and 44 men, who were further subdivided according to their subjective motion sickness sensitivity, as determined by a questionnaire. Using this material, 26 men and 22 women were designated as motion sickness resistant, and 18 men and 20 women were designated as nonresistant. The vestibular test battery given these test subjects consisted of caloric, rotatory, optokinetic, vestibulo-spinal and vestibulo-vegetative testing. Because of the mixed orthostatic and vestibular problems seen after space flights, we also studied the response of the vestibular apparatus during peripheral blood pooling as induced by lower body negative pressure. The collected historical and test data are analyzed in this paper with emphasis on the relationship to motion sickness tendency.     

平面磨削时表层质量过程监测参教的实验研究(1)——磨削表层金相组织状态及烧伤的过程监测和预报

磨削过程中零件表层物理特性如金相组织、表面残余应力、磨削烧伤等的过程监测是为确保零件制造质量的重要课题,但目前尚难于在生产过程中实现。 在平面磨床上进行大量磨削16MoCr5表面硬化钢的试验后发现,单位面积磨削功率P″_c与砂轮—工件接触区最高平均温度T_(max)间有极好的函数对应关系。而磨削表层金相组织状态和发生烧伤主要决定于接触区的温度,因而可以应用相对容易测量计算的单位面积磨削功率P″_c来识别这些状态。如果P″_c没有超过某一特定的临界值P″_(cⅠ)时,磨削表层保持正常的针状马氏体组织。在超过P″_(cⅠ)的情况下,切向磨削力的斜率增加,当P″_c又超过第二临界值P″_(cⅡ)后,磨削表面由于烧伤而出现了变色层,表层金相组织和显微硬度证实了工件的这些不同的情况。试验结果表明,单位面积磨削功率P″_c,可以作为磨削过程监测和预报表层金相组织状态和磨削烧伤的可靠的过程特征参量,在生产实践中应用。     

一种能航空/航天两用的有人/无人机

美国缩比复合材料公司最近推出了一种布局新颖的高空、长航时飞行器,既可用于军事任务,又可用于商用任务;既可有人驾驶又可作无人驾驶飞机使用;既可执行航空任务(如通信中继),又可执行航天任务(例如把小型卫星发射到低地球轨道).这种飞行器取名为“普罗透斯”,其基本布局的翼展为24米,但可以根据任务和有效载荷的需要,把翼梢段加长到翼展为28米.整个机体分为前体、中段圆     

GLONASS的评述和发展

导航星全球定位系统不是仅供城市中应用。尽管目前所发射的卫星数目还不够,但在民用独立定位精度方面,俄罗斯的GLONASS明显要优于目前加有SA的GPS定位精度。在本文中,我们将简要评述GLONASS的技术特性,并同GPS进行比较和对照。我们还将评估GLONASS目前的发展和性能,并且简要描述GLONASS和综合GPS/GLONASS兼容接收机。     

支线运输机的发展

文章是根据2001年5月在多伦多举行的加拿大航空与航天研究所年会鲁珀特特恩布尔演讲大会整理的，文章主要论述了支线飞机从开始至今的发展情况，今天是支线喷气式飞机占主导地位的时期，文中强调了其成功的关键因素，并且讨论了当今交通拥挤，机且成本和适用条款范围的问题，对比了在研新支线喷气飞机与现役客机，同时还和将来的实际需求进行了对比。为了避免交通拥挤以及使支线服务不断扩大，此文认为下一代支线喷气机应该考虑小机场和降低噪音。     

Necessary, but not sufficient: Raman identification of disordered carbon as a signature of ancient life

To identify microscopic particles as actual fossil material, it would be useful to have a means of unambiguously recognizing which carbonaceous deposits found in rocks are residues from once-living organisms (i.e., biogenic material). Those residues consist of many different, mostly aromatic (i.e., benzene ring-containing), C-O-H-dominated molecules, and typically are called kerogens. Raman microprobe spectroscopy can be applied to minute samples of ancient kerogens either isolated from their host rocks or in situ in thin section. The Raman spectra generated by monochromatic blue or green laser excitation (e.g., at 488, 514, 532 nm) typically show only generic spectral features indicative of discontinuous arrays of condensed benzene rings (i.e., structures referred to as "disordered carbonaceous material"). Thus, despite the complex chemistry of kerogens and the expected presence of H, O, and N, the Raman spectra typically do not show any evidence of functional groups, such as CH, CH(2), CH(3), CO, and CN. Moreover, the same kind of Raman spectral signature as is obtained from kerogens also is obtained from many other poorly ordered carbonaceous materials that arise through nonbiological processes, such as in situ heating of organic or inorganic compounds (whether or not they are of biological origin), metamorphic mobilization of preexisting carbon compounds, and high-temperature precipitation from hydrothermal solutions. Thus, neither a Raman spectrum, nor a Raman image derived from such spectra, definitively can identify a sample as "kerogen," but only as "disordered carbonaceous material." Clearly, the fact that small, opaque grains consist of disordered carbonaceous material is necessary, but not sufficient, to prove them to be residues of cellular material and, thus, biogenic.