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51.
Des Marais DJ Allamandola LJ Benner SA Boss AP Deamer D Falkowski PG Farmer JD Hedges SB Jakosky BM Knoll AH Liskowsky DR Meadows VS Meyer MA Pilcher CB Nealson KH Spormann AM Trent JD Turner WW Woolf NJ Yorke HW 《Astrobiology》2003,3(2):219-235
The NASA Astrobiology Roadmap provides guidance for research and technology development across the NASA enterprises that encompass the space, Earth, and biological sciences. The ongoing development of astrobiology roadmaps embodies the contributions of diverse scientists and technologists from government, universities, and private institutions. The Roadmap addresses three basic questions: How does life begin and evolve, does life exist elsewhere in the universe, and what is the future of life on Earth and beyond? Seven Science Goals outline the following key domains of investigation: understanding the nature and distribution of habitable environments in the universe, exploring for habitable environments and life in our own solar system, understanding the emergence of life, determining how early life on Earth interacted and evolved with its changing environment, understanding the evolutionary mechanisms and environmental limits of life, determining the principles that will shape life in the future, and recognizing signatures of life on other worlds and on early Earth. For each of these goals, Science Objectives outline more specific high-priority efforts for the next 3-5 years. These 18 objectives are being integrated with NASA strategic planning. 相似文献
52.
杨阿兰 《长沙航空职业技术学院学报》2014,14(3):62-65
建立独立施工控制网是桥梁施工和安全运营的保证,而控制网的定期复测也很重要。本文以某大桥为例,就桥梁独立施工控制网高程部分的复测方法、数据平差方法、水准点稳定性探查等关键技术给予详细介绍。 相似文献
53.
John F. Cavanaugh James C. Smith Xiaoli Sun Arlin E. Bartels Luis Ramos-Izquierdo Danny J. Krebs Jan F. McGarry Raymond Trunzo Anne Marie Novo-Gradac Jamie L. Britt Jerry Karsh Richard B. Katz Alan T. Lukemire Richard Szymkiewicz Daniel L. Berry Joseph P. Swinski Gregory A. Neumann Maria T. Zuber David E. Smith 《Space Science Reviews》2007,131(1-4):451-479
The Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA) is one of the payload science instruments on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry,
and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission, which launched on August 3, 2004. The altimeter will measure the round-trip time of flight
of transmitted laser pulses reflected from the surface of the planet that, in combination with the spacecraft orbit position
and pointing data, gives a high-precision measurement of surface topography referenced to Mercury’s center of mass. MLA will
sample the planet’s surface to within a 1-m range error when the line-of-sight range to Mercury is less than 1,200 km under
spacecraft nadir pointing or the slant range is less than 800 km. The altimeter measurements will be used to determine the
planet’s forced physical librations by tracking the motion of large-scale topographic features as a function of time. MLA’s
laser pulse energy monitor and the echo pulse energy estimate will provide an active measurement of the surface reflectivity
at 1,064 nm. This paper describes the instrument design, prelaunch testing, calibration, and results of postlaunch testing. 相似文献
54.
The Mercury Dual Imaging System on the MESSENGER Spacecraft 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. Edward Hawkins III John D. Boldt Edward H. Darlington Raymond Espiritu Robert E. Gold Bruce Gotwols Matthew P. Grey Christopher D. Hash John R. Hayes Steven E. Jaskulek Charles J. Kardian Jr. Mary R. Keller Erick R. Malaret Scott L. Murchie Patricia K. Murphy Keith Peacock Louise M. Prockter R. Alan Reiter Mark S. Robinson Edward D. Schaefer Richard G. Shelton Raymond E. Sterner II Howard W. Taylor Thomas R. Watters Bruce D. Williams 《Space Science Reviews》2007,131(1-4):247-338
The Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) on the MESSENGER spacecraft will provide critical measurements tracing Mercury’s origin
and evolution. MDIS consists of a monochrome narrow-angle camera (NAC) and a multispectral wide-angle camera (WAC). The NAC
is a 1.5° field-of-view (FOV) off-axis reflector, coaligned with the WAC, a four-element refractor with a 10.5° FOV and 12-color
filter wheel. The focal plane electronics of each camera are identical and use a 1,024×1,024 Atmel (Thomson) TH7888A charge-coupled
device detector. Only one camera operates at a time, allowing them to share a common set of control electronics. The NAC and
the WAC are mounted on a pivoting platform that provides a 90° field-of-regard, extending 40° sunward and 50° anti-sunward
from the spacecraft +Z-axis—the boresight direction of most of MESSENGER’s instruments. Onboard data compression provides capabilities for pixel
binning, remapping of 12-bit data into 8 bits, and lossless or lossy compression. MDIS will acquire four main data sets at
Mercury during three flybys and the two-Mercury-solar-day nominal mission: a monochrome global image mosaic at near-zero emission
angles and moderate incidence angles, a stereo-complement map at off-nadir geometry and near-identical lighting, multicolor
images at low incidence angles, and targeted high-resolution images of key surface features. These data will be used to construct
a global image base map, a digital terrain model, global maps of color properties, and mosaics of high-resolution image strips.
Analysis of these data will provide information on Mercury’s impact history, tectonic processes, the composition and emplacement
history of volcanic materials, and the thickness distribution and compositional variations of crustal materials. This paper
summarizes MDIS’s science objectives and technical design, including the common payload design of the MDIS data processing
units, as well as detailed results from ground and early flight calibrations and plans for Mercury image products to be generated
from MDIS data. 相似文献
55.
Characteristics of shocks in the solar corona,as inferred from radio,optical, and theoretical investigations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Solar radio bursts of spectral type II provide one of the chief diagnostics for the propagation of shocks through the solar corona. Radio data on the shocks are compared with computer models for propagation of fast-mode MHD shocks through the solar corona. Data on coronal shocks and high-velocity ejecta from solar flares are then discussed in terms of a general model consisting of three main velocity regimes.An invited paper presented at STIP Workshop on Shock Waves in the Solar Corona and Interplanetary Space, 15–19 June, 1980, Smolenice, Czechoslovakia. 相似文献
56.
Certain meteoritical inclusions contain evidence for the existence of short-lived radioactivities such as 26Al and 41Ca at the time of their formation 4.566 billion years ago. Because the half-lives of these nuclides are so short, this evidence requires that no more than about a million years elapsed between their nucleosynthesis and their inclusion in cm-sized solids in the solar nebula. This abbreviated time span can be explained if these nuclides were synthesized in a stellar source such as a supernova, and were then transported across the interstellar medium by the resulting shock wave, which then triggered the gravitational collapse of the presolar molecular cloud core. Detailed 2D and 3D numerical hydrodynamical models are reviewed and show that such a scenario is consistent with the time scale constraint, and with the need to both trigger collapse and to inject shock-wave matter into the collapsing protostellar cloud and onto the protoplanetary disk formed by the collapse. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
57.
H. A. Thronson T. G. Hawarden J. Bally S. J. Bell Burnell A. J. Penny D. Rapp 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1993,13(12):531-534
Radiative cooling of IR space telescopes is an alternative to embedding within massive cryostats and should offer advantages for future missions, including longer life, larger aperture for a fixed spacecraft size, lower cost due to less complex engineering, and easier ground handling. Relatively simple analyses of conventional designs show that it is possible to achieve telescope temperatures in the range of 25 to 40 K at distances from the sun of about 1 AU. Lower temperatures may be possible with “open” designs or distant orbits. At 25 K, an observatory will be limited by the celestial thermal background in the near- and mid-IR and by the confusion limit in the far-IR. We outline here our concept for a moderate aperture ( 1.75 m; Ariane 4 or Atlas launch) international space observatory for the next decade. 相似文献
58.
Alan M. Levine Hale Bradt Edward H. Morgan Ron Remillard The MIT/GSFC ASM Team 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2006,38(12):2970-2975
Selected results from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer All-Sky Monitor are presented to illustrate the phenomenology of the light curves. The sensitivity to periodic intensity variations is indicated by the folded light curve of AM Her. The gray line between transient and persistent sources is emphasized. Light curves of a range of systems comprising black holes or neutron stars and low and high mass companion stars show that the behavior of these systems is often, but not always, characteristic. 相似文献
59.
G. Randall Gladstone S. Alan Stern Kurt D. Retherford Ronald K. Black David C. Slater Michael W. Davis Maarten H. Versteeg Kristian B. Persson Joel W. Parker David E. Kaufmann Anthony F. Egan Thomas K. Greathouse Paul D. Feldman Dana Hurley Wayne R. Pryor Amanda R. Hendrix 《Space Science Reviews》2010,150(1-4):161-181
60.