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821.
ARTEMIS Science Objectives 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
D. G. Sibeck V. Angelopoulos D. A. Brain G. T. Delory J. P. Eastwood W. M. Farrell R. E. Grimm J. S. Halekas H. Hasegawa P. Hellinger K. K. Khurana R. J. Lillis M. ?ieroset T.-D. Phan J. Raeder C. T. Russell D. Schriver J. A. Slavin P. M. Travnicek J. M. Weygand 《Space Science Reviews》2011,165(1-4):59-91
NASA??s two spacecraft ARTEMIS mission will address both heliospheric and planetary research questions, first while in orbit about the Earth with the Moon and subsequently while in orbit about the Moon. Heliospheric topics include the structure of the Earth??s magnetotail; reconnection, particle acceleration, and turbulence in the Earth??s magnetosphere, at the bow shock, and in the solar wind; and the formation and structure of the lunar wake. Planetary topics include the lunar exosphere and its relationship to the composition of the lunar surface, the effects of electric fields on dust in the exosphere, internal structure of the Moon, and the lunar crustal magnetic field. This paper describes the expected contributions of ARTEMIS to these baseline scientific objectives. 相似文献
822.
P. C. Frisch M. Bzowski E. Grün V. Izmodenov H. Krüger J. L. Linsky D. J. McComas E. Möbius S. Redfield N. Schwadron R. Shelton J. D. Slavin B. E. Wood 《Space Science Reviews》2009,146(1-4):235-273
Interstellar material (ISMa) is observed both inside and outside of the heliosphere. Relating these diverse sets of ISMa data provides a richer understanding of both the interstellar medium and the heliosphere. The galactic environment of the Sun is dominated by warm, low-density, partially ionized interstellar material consisting of atoms and dust grains. The properties of the heliosphere are dependent on the pressure, composition, radiation field, ionization, and magnetic field of ambient ISMa. The very low-density interior of the Local Bubble, combined with an expanding superbubble shell associated with star formation in the Scorpius-Centaurus Association, dominate the properties of the local interstellar medium (LISM). Once the heliosphere boundaries and interaction mechanisms are understood, interstellar gas, dust, pickup ions, and anomalous cosmic rays inside of the heliosphere can be directly compared to ISMa outside of the heliosphere. Our understanding of ISMa at the Sun is further enriched when the circumheliospheric interstellar material is compared to observations of other nearby ISMa and the overall context of our galactic environment. The IBEX mission will map the interaction region between the heliosphere and ISMa, and improve the accuracy of comparisons between ISMa inside and outside the heliosphere. 相似文献
823.
T. Ono A. Kumamoto Y. Kasahara Y. Yamaguchi A. Yamaji T. Kobayashi S. Oshigami H. Nakagawa Y. Goto K. Hashimoto Y. Omura T. Imachi H. Matsumoto H. Oya 《Space Science Reviews》2010,154(1-4):145-192
The Lunar Radar Sounder (LRS) onboard the KAGUYA (SELENE) spacecraft has successfully performed radar sounder observations of the lunar subsurface structures and passive observations of natural radio and plasma waves from the lunar orbit. After the transfer of the spacecraft into the final lunar orbit and antenna deployment, the operation of LRS started on October 29, 2007. Through the operation until June 10, 2009, 2363 hours worth of radar sounder data and 8961 hours worth of natural radio and plasma wave data have been obtained. It was revealed through radar sounder observations that there are distinct reflectors at a depth of several hundred meters in the nearside maria, which are inferred to be buried regolith layers covered by a basalt layer with a thickness of several hundred meters. Radar sounder data were obtained not only in the nearside maria but also in other regions such as the farside highland region and polar region. LRS also performed passive observations of natural plasma waves associated with interaction processes between the solar wind plasma and the moon, and the natural waves from the Earth, the sun, and Jupiter. Natural radio waves such as auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) with interference patterns caused by the lunar surface reflections, and Jovian hectometric (HOM) emissions were detected. Intense electrostatic plasma waves around 20 kHz were almost always observed at local electron plasma frequency in the solar wind, and the electron density profile, including the lunar wake boundary, was derived along the spacecraft trajectory. Broadband noises below several kHz were frequently observed in the dayside and wake boundary of the moon and it was found that a portion of them consist of bipolar pulses. The datasets obtained by LRS will make contributions for studies on the lunar geology and physical processes of natural radio and plasma wave generation and propagation. 相似文献
824.
John H. McElroy 《Space Policy》1987,3(4):313-325
Earth observations is a controversial subject because of the diversity of interests involved, but one that should not be ignored, as is currently the case, by the US government. This article describes the changing character of Earth observations and the opportunities it provides for economic benefit and national and international economies of scale. Such opportunities can best be met by the formation of an international Earth observations body, in which the USA, represented by an expanded EOSAT, should play a leading role. 相似文献
825.
J.B.L. Jones R.D. Bentley R. Hunter R.H.A. Iles G.C. Taylor D.J. Thomas 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2005,36(12):2258-2267
Space weather phenomena can effect many areas of commercial airline operations including avionics, communications and GPS navigation systems. Of particular importance at present is the recently introduced EU legislation requiring the monitoring of aircrew radiation exposure, including any variations at aircraft altitudes due to solar activity. With the introduction of new ultra-long-haul “over-the-pole” routes, “more-electric” aircraft in the future, and the increasing use of satellites in the operation, the need for a better understanding of the space weather impacts on future airline operations becomes all the more compelling. This paper will present the various space weather effects, some provisional results of an ongoing 3-year study to monitor cosmic radiation in aircraft, and conclude by summarising some of the identified key operational issues, which must be addressed, with the help of the science community, if the airlines want to benefit from the availability of space weather services. 相似文献
826.
Statistical study of radio drifting pulsation structures with associated CMEs and other observations
Chengming Tan Y.H. Yan Y.Y. Liu Q.J. Fu S.J. Wang H.R. Ji Z.J. Chen H.R. Jing 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(6):969-975
Solar radio burst, especially the fine structures (FSs) and the drifting pulsation structures (DPSs), may be used as an important diagnostics tool to draw the evolution map of the flare loop in the initial phase of solar flares. In this work, 52 radio events were found accompanying with DPSs. They were all observed with the Solar Radio Spectrometers (0.625–7.6 GHz) of China during 1998–2004. Combining the radio observations with LASCO-C2, Goes-8 SXR, Hα, EUV and Trace observations, we analyzed all these events and obtained some statistic conclusions: First, 88% DPSs take place at the initial phase of the radio burst, and their rich spectrum characteristics are helpful to understand the events further. Second, 83% DPSs are associated with CMEs or ejection events, and all the events are accompanied by Goes SXR flare. Third, for CMEs and DPSs, which take the first step, there is no significant predominance of either of them. The relationship between the DPSs and CMEs is still not clear in this study because of the lack of spatial resolution in the centimeter–decimeter band. However, the EIT or Trace ejection happened during the onset/end time of DPSs. They are signatures of the initial phase of CMEs. Two events will be illustrated to explain this. 相似文献
827.
M.H. Hong D.W. Swift Y. Lin 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(8):1298-1304
Ion dynamics in the near-Earth magnetotail region is examined during periods of fast Earthward flow with a two-dimensional (2-D) global-scale hybrid simulation. The simulation shows that shear Alfven waves are generated at x ∼ −10RE, where the strong earthward flow is arrested by the dipole field, and propagate along field lines from the equator to both southern and northern polar ionosphere. Non-gyrotropic ion velocity distributions occur where the large-amplitude Alfven waves are dominant. The simulation indicates that the Alfven waves are generated by interaction of the fast earthward flow with the stationary near-Earth plasma. Beam ions are found to be pitch-angle scattered and trapped in the wave field, leading to the non-gyrotropic ion distributions in the high-latitude plasma sheet boundary. In addition, significant particle heating and acceleration are found to occur behind the dipolarization front due to the effect of wave turbulence. 相似文献
828.
829.
I. Yoshikawa S. Kameda K. Hikosaka G. Murakami D. Rees H. Nozawa S. Okano O. Korablev 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
The Mercury’s Sodium Atmosphere Spectral Imager (MSASI) on BepiColombo (BC) will address a range of fundamental scientific questions pertaining to Mercury’s exosphere. The measurements will provide new information on regolith–exosphere–magnetosphere coupling as well as new understanding of the dynamics governing the exosphere bounded by the planetary surface, the solar wind and interplanetary space. MSASI is a high-dispersion visible spectrometer working in the spectral range around sodium D2 emission (589 nm). A tandem Fabry–Perot etalon is used to achieve a compact design. We presents a design of the spectral analyzer using Fabry–Perot interferometer. We conclude that: (1) The MSASI optical design is practical and can be implemented without new or critical technology developments; (2) The thermally-tuned etalon design is based on concepts, designs and materials that have good space heritage. 相似文献
830.
R. Adachi T. Takaya K. Kuriyama A. Higashibata N. Ishioka H. Kagawa 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(5):816-823
We have investigated the effect of microgravity during spaceflight on body-wall muscle fiber size and muscle proteins in the paramyosin mutant of Caenorhabditis elegans. Both mutant and wild-type strains were subjected to 10 days of microgravity during spaceflight and compared to ground control groups. No significant change in muscle fiber size or quantity of the protein was observed in wild-type worms; where as atrophy of body-wall muscle and an increase in thick filament proteins were observed in the paramyosin mutant unc-15(e73) animals after spaceflight. We conclude that the mutant with abnormal muscle responded to microgravity by increasing the total amount of muscle protein in order to compensate for the loss of muscle function. 相似文献