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11.
Black holes are the ultimate prisons of the Universe, regions of spacetime where the enormous gravity prohibits matter or even light to escape to infinity. Yet, matter falling toward the black holes may shine spectacularly, generating the strongest source of radiation. These sources provide us with astrophysical laboratories of extreme physical conditions that cannot be realized on Earth. This chapter offers a review of the basic menus for feeding matter onto black holes and discusses their observational implications. 相似文献
12.
Existing and planned optical telescopes and surveys can detect artificially illuminated objects, comparable in total brightness to a major terrestrial city, at the outskirts of the Solar System. Orbital parameters of Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) are routinely measured to exquisite precisions of<10(-3). Here, we propose to measure the variation of the observed flux F from such objects as a function of their changing orbital distances D. Sunlight-illuminated objects will show a logarithmic slope α ≡ (d log F/d log D)=-4, whereas artificially illuminated objects should exhibit α=-2. The proposed Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) and other planned surveys will provide superb data and allow measurement of α for thousands of KBOs. If objects with α=-2 are found, follow-up observations could measure their spectra to determine whether they are illuminated by artificial lighting. The search can be extended beyond the Solar System with future generations of telescopes on the ground and in space that would have the capacity to detect phase modulation due to very strong artificial illumination on the nightside of planets as they orbit their parent stars. 相似文献
13.
Maoan Han Chenggang Shu Junmin Yang Abraham C.-L. Chian 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
The study of Hamiltonian systems is important for space physics and astrophysics. In this paper, we study local behavior of an isolated nilpotent critical point for polynomial Hamiltonian systems. We prove that there are exact three cases: a center, a cusp or a saddle. Then for quadratic and cubic Hamiltonian systems we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for a nilpotent critical point to be a center, a cusp or a saddle. We also give phase portraits for these systems under some conditions of symmetry. 相似文献
14.
S.V. Vadawale P. Sreekumar Y.B. Acharya M. Shanmugam D. Banerjee J.N. Goswami N. Bhandari C.N. Umapathy M.R. Sharma A. Tyagi M. Bug M. Sudhakar L. Abraham 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2014
The High Energy X-ray spectrometer (HEX) on Chandrayaan-1 was designed to study the photon emission in the range of 30–270 keV from naturally occurring radioactive decay of 238U and 232Th series nuclides from the lunar surface. The primary objective of HEX was to study the transport of volatiles on the lunar surface using radon as a tracer and mapping the 46.5 keV line from 210Pb, a decay product of 222Rn. HEX was tested for two days during the commissioning phase of Chandrayaan-1 and performance of all sub systems was found to be as expected. HEX started collecting science data during the first non-prime imaging season (February–April, 2009) of Chandrayaan-1. Certain anomalies persisted in this data set and the early curtailment of Chandrayaan-1 mission in August, 2009, did not allow any further operation of HEX. Despite these issues, HEX provided the first data set for 30–270 keV continuum emission, averaged over a significant portion of the lunar surface, including the polar region. 相似文献
15.
Prebiotic possibilities for the synthesis of interstellar ribose through a protic variant of the formose reaction under gas-phase conditions were studied in the absence of any known catalyst. The ion-molecule reaction products, diose and triose, were sought by mass spectrometry, and relevant masses were observed. Ab initio calculations were used to evaluate protic formose mechanism possibilities. A bilateral theoretical and experimental effort yielded a physical model for glycoaldehyde generation whereby a hydronium cation can mediate formaldehyde dimerization followed by covalent bond formation leading to diose and water. These results advance the possibility that ion-molecule reactions between formaldehyde (CH(2)O) and H(3)O(+) lead to formose reaction products and inform us about potential sugar formation processes in interstellar space. 相似文献