A viable microbial community in a subglacial volcanic crater lake, Iceland

We describe a viable microbial community in a subglacial lake within the Grímsv?tn volcanic caldera, Iceland. We used a hot water drill to penetrate the 300-m ice shelf and retrieved lake water and volcanic tephra sediments. We also acquired samples of borehole water before and after penetration to the lake, overlying glacial ice and snow, and water from a nearby subaerial geothermal lake for comparative analyses. Lake water is at the freezing point and fresh (total dissolved solids = 260 mg L(-1)). Detectable numbers of cells were found in samples of the lake water column and tephra sediments: 2 x 10(4) ml(-1) and 4 x 10(7) g(-1), respectively. Plate counts document abundant cold-adapted cultivable organisms in the lake water, but not in the borehole (before penetration) or glacial ice. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from genomic DNA extracted from Grímsv?tn samples indicates that the lake community is distinct from the assemblages of organisms in borehole water (before penetration) and the overlying ice and snow. Sequencing of selected DGGE bands revealed that many sequences are highly similar to known psychrophilic organisms or cloned DNA from other cold environments. Significant uptake of 14C-labeled bicarbonate occurred in dark, low-temperature incubations of lake water samples, indicating the presence of autotrophs. Acetylene reduction assays under similar incubation conditions showed no significant nitrogen fixation potential by lake water samples. This may be a consequence of the inhibition of diazotrophy by nitrogen in the lake.     

带有调节电路和温度补偿的硅压力传感器

本文介绍一种芯片上带有信号调节功能的硅压力传感器。制作时,在标准的3μmCMDS工艺过程中加入了微机械加工工艺,利用带电化学阻蚀剂的各向异性腐蚀技术,在(100)取向硅片上进行腐蚀。控制膜片厚度,使厚度容差小于0.5μm。在同一膜片上,集成了完整的CMDS测量电路。带压阻元件的惠氏电桥的输出信号由一个仪器放大器放大。该放大器的放大率和温度有关,以便补偿灵敏度随温度的变化。另外,灵敏度本身的变化、偏置和偏置随温度的变化亦予以补偿。芯片还具备微调功能,以便在-40～+125℃范围内对所述各参数进行调节。     

The effects of low-shear mechanical stress on Yersinia pestis virulence

Manned space exploration has created a need to evaluate the effects of spacelike stress on pathogenic and opportunistic microbes astronauts could carry with them to the International Space Station and beyond. Yersinia pestis (YP) causes bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague and is capable of killing infected patients within 3-7 days. In this study, low-shear modeled microgravity (LSMMG), a spacelike stress, was used to physically stress YP; and its effects on proliferation, cold growth, and type III secretion system (T3SS) function were evaluated. YP was grown to saturation in either LSMMG or normal gravity (NG) conditions prior to being used for RAW 246.7 cell infections, HeLa cell infections, and Yop secretion assays. A mutant strain of YP (ΔyopB) that lacks the ability to inject Yersinia outer membrane proteins (Yops) into the host cell was used as a negative control in cell infection experiments. Our experimental results indicate that YP cultivated under LSMMG resulted in reduced YopM production and secretion compared to its NG-grown counterpart. Similarly, NG-grown YP induced more cell rounding in HeLa cells than did the LSMMG-grown YP, which suggests that LSMMG somehow impairs T3SS optimum function. Also, LSMMG-grown YP used to infect cultured RAW 246.7 cells showed a similar pattern of dysfunction in that it proliferated less than did its NG-grown counterpart during an 8-hour infection period. This study suggests that LSMMG can attenuate bacterial virulence contrary to previously published data that have demonstrated LSMMG-induced hypervirulence of other Gram-negative enterics.     

EMC军用标准

本文追述了EMC军用规范的历史,并且详细地介绍了计划于1993年发表的最新MIL—461和MIL—462要求。     

Evaluation of theories of complex movement planning in different levels of gravity

Due to high redundancy of degrees of freedom in the human body, we can perform any movement, from the simplest to the most complex, in many different ways. Several studies are still trying to identify the motor strategies that master this redundancy and generate the movements whose characteristics are highly stereotyped. The aim of this work is to build a simulator that is able to evaluate different motor planning hypotheses. The most interesting applications of this tool occur in studies of the motor strategy in microgravity conditions. The comparison between simulated movements and kinematics data recorded both on Earth, and during a 5-month mission on board the Mir station shows that for a complex whole-body movement (such as trunk bending) a single planning criterion cannot explain all movement aspects. However, the simulator allows an understanding of the motor planning adaptation of astronauts. In space, the lack of equilibrium constraint (which on Earth brings about the center of mass control) leads to a new motor strategy that minimizes dynamic interactions with the floor.     

高温圆箔热流计

已经发展了一种工作温度高达1950°F的新型的圆箔热流计。它的最重要的特点是在高温时,保持了高的灵敏度,而一般传统的康铜箔·铜热流计,在高温时灵敏度将下降30％以上。此外,由于使用了低导热率的圆箔,较高的热电功率输出,改进了时间常数,使其灵敏度获得了成倍的增长。热流计组件的全焊接结构,使它能适应在任何一种金属材料中工作。这些特点,除了高温灵敏度以外,也可以从其他一些标准热电偶如镍铬箔·康铜中获得。文中列出了标准热电偶材料的一些性能数据,并与新型的圆箔热流计在不同温度时的灵敏度作了对比。     

Ion thruster accelerator grid erosion mechanism under extreme conditions of cylindrical erosion and chamfer erosion

In this paper, the abnormal experimental phenomenon on barrel erosion under extreme working conditions in the ultra-long life experiment(>10000 h) of ion thruster ion optics is studied by the Immersed-Finite-Element Particle-In-Cell Monte-Carlo-Collision(IFE-PIC-MCC) method and the grid erosion evaluation model. The transport process of beam ions and Charge Exchange(CEX) ions in the grid system, and the characteristics and mechanisms of the aperture barrel erosion under extreme erosion condit...     

Observations from a 4-year contamination study of a sample depth profile through Martian meteorite Nakhla

Morphological, compositional, and biological evidence indicates the presence of numerous well-developed microbial hyphae structures distributed within four different sample splits of the Nakhla meteorite obtained from the British Museum (allocation BM1913,25). By examining depth profiles of the sample splits over time, morphological changes displayed by the structures were documented, as well as changes in their distribution on the samples, observations that indicate growth, decay, and reproduction of individual microorganisms. Biological staining with DNA-specific molecular dyes followed by epifluorescence microscopy showed that the hyphae structures contain DNA. Our observations demonstrate the potential of microbial interaction with extraterrestrial materials, emphasize the need for rapid investigation of Mars return samples as well as any other returned or impactor-delivered extraterrestrial materials, and suggest the identification of appropriate storage conditions that should be followed immediately after samples retrieved from the field are received by a handling/curation facility. The observations are further relevant in planetary protection considerations as they demonstrate that microorganisms may endure and reproduce in extraterrestrial materials over long (at least 4 years) time spans. The combination of microscopy images coupled with compositional and molecular staining techniques is proposed as a valid method for detection of life forms in martian materials as a first-order assessment. Time-resolved in situ observations further allow observation of possible (bio)dynamics within the system.     

煤水浆的雾化与磨损的实验研究

本煤水浆喷嘴采用内混合式空气雾化喷嘴(图1)。煤水浆通道设计成形状简单的直通道。主流雾化空气高速旋转喷出,在内混合室与煤水浆混合,形成气浆薄液膜,它在内混合室出口处再与次流雾化空气相撞,进一步雾化破碎。 实验用煤粉成份为固体碳68.0％.挥发份23.2％,灰分7.8％和硫0.84％.实验用煤水浆按重量比为70％的磨细煤粉、1％的附加剂和29％的水组成。最大煤粒尺寸为250um。混     

基于同步双口SRAM的原子磁强计磁共振相位提取系统设计

针对原子磁强计磁共振激励信号相位提取过程中,数据量大、实时性强、同步要求高等特点,设计了一种基于同步双口SRAM的磁共振相位信息提取系统。首先利用FPGA控制高速同步采样AD进行数据转换;然后经同步双口SRAM实现数据的高速缓存和同步读写;最后由DSP经外部中断触发定时读取缓存的数据,并进行数字锁相处理,提取相位信息。实验结果表明:该系统对频率为35~350kHz之间的正弦信号相位提取稳定度达到0.006°,满足原子磁强计静态噪声小于20pT的应用要求。