Imaging Plasma Density Structures in the Soft X-Rays Generated by Solar Wind Charge Exchange with Neutrals

Both heliophysics and planetary physics seek to understand the complex nature of the solar wind’s interaction with solar system obstacles like Earth’s magnetosphere, the ionospheres of Venus and Mars, and comets. Studies with this objective are frequently conducted with the help of single or multipoint in situ electromagnetic field and particle observations, guided by the predictions of both local and global numerical simulations, and placed in context by observations from far and extreme ultraviolet (FUV, EUV), hard X-ray, and energetic neutral atom imagers (ENA). Each proposed interaction mechanism (e.g., steady or transient magnetic reconnection, local or global magnetic reconnection, ion pick-up, or the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability) generates diagnostic plasma density structures. The significance of each mechanism to the overall interaction (as measured in terms of atmospheric/ionospheric loss at comets, Venus, and Mars or global magnetospheric/ionospheric convection at Earth) remains to be determined but can be evaluated on the basis of how often the density signatures that it generates are observed as a function of solar wind conditions. This paper reviews efforts to image the diagnostic plasma density structures in the soft (low energy, 0.1–2.0 keV) X-rays produced when high charge state solar wind ions exchange electrons with the exospheric neutrals surrounding solar system obstacles.The introduction notes that theory, local, and global simulations predict the characteristics of plasma boundaries such the bow shock and magnetopause (including location, density gradient, and motion) and regions such as the magnetosheath (including density and width) as a function of location, solar wind conditions, and the particular mechanism operating. In situ measurements confirm the existence of time- and spatial-dependent plasma density structures like the bow shock, magnetosheath, and magnetopause/ionopause at Venus, Mars, comets, and the Earth. However, in situ measurements rarely suffice to determine the global extent of these density structures or their global variation as a function of solar wind conditions, except in the form of empirical studies based on observations from many different times and solar wind conditions. Remote sensing observations provide global information about auroral ovals (FUV and hard X-ray), the terrestrial plasmasphere (EUV), and the terrestrial ring current (ENA). ENA instruments with low energy thresholds (\(\sim1~\mbox{keV}\)) have recently been used to obtain important information concerning the magnetosheaths of Venus, Mars, and the Earth. Recent technological developments make these magnetosheaths valuable potential targets for high-cadence wide-field-of-view soft X-ray imagers.Section 2 describes proposed dayside interaction mechanisms, including reconnection, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, and other processes in greater detail with an emphasis on the plasma density structures that they generate. It focuses upon the questions that remain as yet unanswered, such as the significance of each proposed interaction mode, which can be determined from its occurrence pattern as a function of location and solar wind conditions. Section 3 outlines the physics underlying the charge exchange generation of soft X-rays. Section 4 lists the background sources (helium focusing cone, planetary, and cosmic) of soft X-rays from which the charge exchange emissions generated by solar wind exchange must be distinguished. With the help of simulations employing state-of-the-art magnetohydrodynamic models for the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction, models for Earth’s exosphere, and knowledge concerning these background emissions, Sect. 5 demonstrates that boundaries and regions such as the bow shock, magnetosheath, magnetopause, and cusps can readily be identified in images of charge exchange emissions. Section 6 reviews observations by (generally narrow) field of view (FOV) astrophysical telescopes that confirm the presence of these emissions at the intensities predicted by the simulations. Section 7 describes the design of a notional wide FOV “lobster-eye” telescope capable of imaging the global interactions and shows how it might be used to extract information concerning the global interaction of the solar wind with solar system obstacles. The conclusion outlines prospects for missions employing such wide FOV imagers.     

连续变迎角测力试验技术在大型暂冲式跨声速风洞中的应用

由于暂冲式高速风洞运行时间短暂,普遍采用阶梯变迎角方式进行静态测力试验,其试验信息量难以满足先进飞行器研制的试验需求。为在暂冲式高速风洞中获得更为详尽的气动力信息,在2．4m跨声速风洞中进行了连续变迎角测力试验技术应用研究。主要介绍了该项试验技术的基本特点,给出了J7标模的主要试验结果。结果表明,该项试验技术获得的气动力数据与常规阶梯方式具有很好的一致性,可以满足工程实用的要求。     

高速风洞试验中运输机支撑形式的选择

合理选择模型的支撑形式和解决支架干扰问题是准确获取气动力数据的关键因素。为了寻找一种合适的运输类飞机在高速风洞试验中的支撑形式,首先通过计算分析和试验验证,给出了运输类飞机高速风洞试验中30°尾支撑支架干扰问题存在的原因,然后根据0°、5°、15°以及30°不同尾支撑形式的计算分析和专项试验论证结果,提出并验证了小角度尾支撑是现阶段运输类飞机高速风洞试验中最合理、最有效的支撑形式。     

桁架结构尺寸和形状协同优化方法研究

在满足特定规范和约束条件下,设计出重量最轻的结构具有重要的工程意义。提出一种桁架结构形状、尺寸并行协同优化方法,该方法将桁架结构优化问题拆分为形状优化和尺寸优化两个子问题,通过并行协调实现尺寸设计变量和形状设计变量同时达到最优解;完成了三个典型桁架结构形状优化算例,结果表明：该方法对于桁架结构形状优化可行,且算法简洁,收敛快。     

Introduction

Space Science Reviews -     

Rocket berthing to an asteroid: Design problems

The results of research in a process of a probe rocket berthing to an asteroid are presented. Control laws were obtained as solutions of three problems, namely berthing considering transient processes in a rocket engine, fastest berthing with regard to fuel consumption and berthing in a scheduled time considering fuel consumption. A program trajectory obtained at solving of the first problem is suitable for mathematical modeling of berthing with the feedback control law and stabilization of angular motion. The solutions of the problems are reduced to simple formulas for controlling parameters calculation in the corresponding structures of control laws. The results can be applied in designing promising space vehicles intended for berthing to other space objects.     

飞翼布局无人机进排气效应风洞试验研究

飞机进排气会对全机气动性能产生明显的影响.采用引射式动力模拟器对飞翼布局无人机开展进排气效应模拟,分析进排气对全机气动特性的影响.试验结果表明:进排气对飞翼布局升力影响不明显,对阻力影响量比较大,可使全机最大升阻比降低1～4左右,而喷流能使全机最大升阻比下降1～1.8左右,进排气效应使得全机俯仰力矩增加,但纵向静安定度基本不变;进排气对全机横航向特性影响不大,对襟翼效率影响也甚微.可作为飞翼无人机气动布局设计的参考.     

空域滤波器组对雷达阵列合成距离像的影响分析

为了简化雷达系统硬件设计和降低成本,可以使用多个窄带成分来合成宽带信号,从而获得满足实际需要的合成距离像。针对合成宽带信号和雷达阵列的特点,详细分析了结合合成宽带信号及传统空域滤波器组情况下所合成距离像的失真原因,指出合成距离像的失真由形状变形和位置平移两部分组成,且这两种失真分别由各个空域滤波器输出幅度和相位的波动所引起。同时,推导出计算对应相位和幅度失真度的理论公式,并由此给出了当合成距离像存在可接受失真时阵列的临界条件。计算机数值仿真结果验证了以上结论。     

Ceramic ChemCam Calibration Targets on Mars Science Laboratory

The ChemCam instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity will use laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to analyze major and minor element chemistry from sub-millimeter spot sizes, at ranges of ～1.5–7?m. To interpret the emission spectra obtained, ten calibration standards will be carried on the rover deck. Graphite, Ti?metal, and four glasses of igneous composition provide primary, homogeneous calibration targets for the laser. Four granular ceramic targets have been added to provide compositions closer to soils and sedimentary materials like those expected at the Gale Crater field site on Mars. Components used in making these ceramics include basalt, evaporite, and phyllosilicate materials that approximate the chemical compositions of detrital and authigenic constituents of clastic and evaporite sediments, including the elevated sulfate contents present in many Mars sediments and soils. Powdered components were sintered at low temperature (800?°C) with a small amount (9?wt.%) of lithium tetraborate flux to produce ceramics that retain volatile sulfur yet are durable enough for the mission. The ceramic targets are more heterogeneous than the pure element and homogenous glass standards but they provide standards with compositions more similar to the sedimentary rocks that will be Curiosity’s prime targets at Gale Crater.     

PSO节点寻优的样条逼近微分

样条节点分布对逼近精度的影响很大,样条节点寻优模型的雅可比矩阵求解复杂。利用经典参数的PSO（粒子群算法）解算样条最优节点分布模型,以逼近残差的平方和为目标函数,每步对节点序列排序后再计算目标函数,可以提高样条逼近精度,为样条节点寻优提供了一种较好的实现方法。仿真计算表明,在一定的节点个数情况下,PSO节点寻优的逼近效果比Carl de Boor的NEWNOT程序中的方法要好。