冷却系统阻力对汽车总阻力影响的数值预测模型研究

采用CFD方法数值模拟了小型汽车发动机冷却系统对全车阻力的影响特性.汽车的内部及外部(发动机舱及舱内)均设置了数值模拟网格.分别计算了散热器及风扇对阻力的影响,采用本校实验结果(散热器压力损失)及制造商提供的数据(散热器及风扇的质量流率)确定初始及边界条件,为基于RNS的CFD提供输入.对汽车轮胎运动模式及行驶速度对散热系统阻力及汽车总阻的影响特性也进行了计算分析.预测结果表明,冷却系统阻力占汽车总阻的6.9％,与实测值吻合.     

航空发动机2 级风扇的数值研究

运用ANSYS CFX 11.0和home-code程序对AI222发动机风扇流路气动参数进行了3维CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)计算;通过3维建模,实现了风扇主要积分特性和局部参数计算。通过与风扇进行大量试验结果的对比,验证了计算结果,并找出了产生差别的原因,得到了风扇总特性以及气流径向参数的计算值与试验值的吻合度。结果表明:通过运用3维建模计算方法简化了风扇设计过程,缩短了风扇从设计到试验的时间,降低了航空发动机部件的设计成本。     

一种具有数字信号处理功能的铯频标方波调频伺服系统

本文介绍一种具有数字信号处理功能的伺服系统,该系统近来已经应用于铯频率标准之中。与以前的伺服系统相比,它采用了一个具有2赫频率调制的模拟锁定系统。新的系统具有多种优点,例如:调制和解调的线性好,信号处理的直流失调小并容易补偿到最佳控制。其他实验室所做的实验表明:输出信号的线性直流漂移可用二阶差分的信号处理方法消除。本文中介绍了采用高阶差分计算处理的伺服系统的实验结果及理论分析。结果表明,它对于改进频率稳定度看来是十分有效的。     

高频浅体声波晶体频率源

本文论述了高频浅体声波(SBAW)晶体延迟线的设计和制造。为了避免低频体波源倍频后固有相位噪声的增大,就要求直接产生频率为千兆赫范围的信号。如果用一个体波晶体锁定千兆赫频率,就可改善其近载频相位噪声。本文所提到的延迟线采用近似AT和BT切晶体,因为AT切具有高的波速,而BT切则具有良好的温度稳定性。采用串联模型来选择设计参数。该模型利用窗口宽度,指数,波速及耦合常数来预测辐射电阻、电容和转换损耗。把该模型与传输损耗的实测数据结合起来考虑,就能准确地预测延迟线的总插入损耗。近来对该模型的仔细研究表明,在千兆赫频率上,插入损耗和Q值之间有着很好的折衷解决办法。用电子刻蚀法在有机玻璃保护层上做出0.4μm的图形。保护层一般是单层的。但也试验过多层方案。已经提出金属换能法的叉指是否灌封在晶体中的判断准则。通常金属叉指并不灌封在晶体中,器件仍具有低的插入损耗、高的Q值及良好的温度稳定性。AT切晶体的基波与五次泛音延迟线和BT切晶体的五次泛音延迟线均采用卸下(Lift—off)法制作。频率范围为3—5GHz。其最好的延迟线的插入损耗不到20,Q值大于2000。使用在高真空下冷焊的TO—8外壳还设计出了低耦合的封装。此延迟线不用有机材料,而是将其固定在一个无应力的不锈钢支架上。本文也给出了相应噪声和预老化数据。     

用于GPS接收机的自适应算法抗干扰性能比较

为了比较功率反演、多信号归类和最小范数自适应算法的抗干扰性能,研究了各算法的基本原理,并在均匀线阵中采用各算法进行仿真,比较各算法在有用信号和干扰来向上得到的天线增益.仿真中有用信号为-160 dBW的GPS卫星信号,两个同频干扰来自不同方向,并在仿真中改变干扰功率.仿真结果表明这三种算法都可以用于GPS接收机抗干扰.其中,功率反演算法抑制弱干扰的性能较差;多信号归类算法抑制弱干扰的性能较好,但会引入错误零陷;最小范数算法既可以抑制弱干扰,也不会引入错误零陷.      

Responses of haloarchaea to simulated microgravity

Various effects of microgravity on prokaryotes have been recognized in recent years, with the focus on studies of pathogenic bacteria. No archaea have been investigated yet with respect to their responses to microgravity. For exposure experiments on spacecrafts or on the International Space Station, halophilic archaea (haloarchaea) are usually embedded in halite, where they accumulate in fluid inclusions. In a liquid environment, these cells will experience microgravity in space, which might influence their viability and survival. Two haloarchaeal strains, Haloferax mediterranei and Halococcus dombrowskii, were grown in simulated microgravity (SMG) with the rotary cell culture system (RCCS, Synthecon). Initially, salt precipitation and detachment of the porous aeration membranes in the RCCS were observed, but they were avoided in the remainder of the experiment by using disposable instead of reusable vessels. Several effects were detected, which were ascribed to growth in SMG: Hfx. mediterranei's resistance to the antibiotics bacitracin, erythromycin, and rifampicin increased markedly; differences in pigmentation and whole cell protein composition (proteome) of both strains were noted; cell aggregation of Hcc. dombrowskii was notably reduced. The results suggest profound effects of SMG on haloarchaeal physiology and cellular processes, some of which were easily observable and measurable. This is the first report of archaeal responses to SMG. The molecular mechanisms of the effects induced by SMG on prokaryotes are largely unknown; haloarchaea could be used as nonpathogenic model systems for their elucidation and in addition could provide information about survival during lithopanspermia (interplanetary transport of microbes inside meteorites).     

Habitable zone limits for dry planets

Most discussion of habitable planets has focused on Earth-like planets with globally abundant liquid water. For an "aqua planet" like Earth, the surface freezes if far from its sun, and the water vapor greenhouse effect runs away if too close. Here we show that "land planets" (desert worlds with limited surface water) have wider habitable zones than aqua planets. For planets at the inner edge of the habitable zone, a land planet has two advantages over an aqua planet: (i) the tropics can emit longwave radiation at rates above the traditional runaway limit because the air is unsaturated and (ii) the dry air creates a dry stratosphere that limits hydrogen escape. At the outer limits of the habitable zone, the land planet better resists global freezing because there is less water for clouds, snow, and ice. Here we describe a series of numerical experiments using a simple three-dimensional global climate model for Earth-sized planets. Other things (CO(2), rotation rate, surface pressure) unchanged, we found that liquid water remains stable at the poles of a low-obliquity land planet until net insolation exceeds 415 W/m(2) (170% that of modern Earth), compared to 330 W/m(2) (135%) for the aqua planet. At the outer limits, we found that a low-obliquity land planet freezes at 77%, while the aqua planet freezes at 90%. High-obliquity land and aqua planets freeze at 58% and 72%, respectively, with the poles offering the last refuge. We show that it is possible that, as the Sun brightens, an aqua planet like Earth can lose most of its hydrogen and become a land planet without first passing through a sterilizing runaway greenhouse. It is possible that Venus was a habitable land planet as recently as 1 billion years ago.     

Whole lichen thalli survive exposure to space conditions: results of Lithopanspermia experiment with Aspicilia fruticulosa

The Lithopanspermia space experiment was launched in 2007 with the European Biopan facility for a 10-day spaceflight on board a Russian Foton retrievable satellite. Lithopanspermia included for the first time the vagrant lichen species Aspicilia fruticulosa from Guadalajara steppic highlands (Central Spain), as well as other lichen species. During spaceflight, the samples were exposed to selected space conditions, that is, the space vacuum, cosmic radiation, and different spectral ranges of solar radiation (λ?≥?110, ≥200, ≥290, or ≥400?nm, respectively). After retrieval, the algal and fungal metabolic integrity of the samples were evaluated in terms of chlorophyll a fluorescence, ultrastructure, and CO(2) exchange rates. Whereas the space vacuum and cosmic radiation did not impair the metabolic activity of the lichens, solar electromagnetic radiation, especially in the wavelength range between 100 and 200?nm, caused reduced chlorophyll a yield fluorescence; however, there was a complete recovery after 72?h of reactivation. All samples showed positive rates of net photosynthesis and dark respiration in the gas exchange experiment. Although the ultrastructure of all flight samples showed some probable stress-induced changes (such as the presence of electron-dense bodies in cytoplasmic vacuoles and between the chloroplast thylakoids in photobiont cells as well as in cytoplasmic vacuoles of the mycobiont cells), we concluded that A. fruticulosa was capable of repairing all space-induced damage. Due to size limitations within the Lithopanspermia hardware, the possibility for replication on the sun-exposed samples was limited, and these first results on the resistance of the lichen symbiosis A. fruticulosa to space conditions and, in particular, on the spectral effectiveness of solar extraterrestrial radiation must be considered preliminary. Further testing in space and under space-simulated conditions will be required. Results of this study indicate that the quest to discern the limits of lichen symbiosis resistance to extreme environmental conditions remains open.     

“火卫——土壤”探测器怎么了?

1月1 5日,2011年11月8日发射的俄罗斯"火卫一-土壤"星际探测器失控进入地球大气层。据俄罗斯航空航天国防军提供的信息,该事件于莫斯科时间20时45分(格林尼治时间17时45分)发生在太平洋智利惠灵顿岛以西1250公里洋面(约西经92度、南纬49度)上空。美国战略司令部称其于格林尼治时间17时46分(±1分钟)进入大气层,坐标位置在西经87度、南纬46度。偏差未超出     

高性能高强砼的设计推荐规程

高性能高强砼是目前国际上发展起来的一种新技术，国外较步较早，并已有了各自的设计规范。本文仅对此作一简单的介绍，以供国内的同仁们参考和借鉴。