ARTEMIS计划——欧空局的试用数据中继卫星

“高级中继和技术卫星”(ARTEMIS)是欧洲空间局数据中继和技术卫星(DRTM)计划的一部分,该计划由两个独立部分组成:ARTEMIS和数据中继卫星(DRS)。Artemis工程的主承包商是意大利的ALENIA SPAZIO(ALS),它领导了一个由若干欧洲和加拿大的大型公司组成的工业财团。ALS目前正在制造这颗卫星,预计1998年中作好发射准备(发射时间已推至2000年—译注)。 本文第一部分介绍Artemis卫星的性能和关键特性。Artemis是一颗地球同步卫星,用于数据中继(光、S/K波段载荷)关键技术的开发,还包括高级通信业务(用于移动通信的L波段载荷)的开发。 此外,Artemis还将试验一些能改进欧洲卫星平台的实用化技术(离子推进器,镍—氢电池和精密太阳传感器)。 为承载上述要求很荷刻的载荷,ALS开发了一种卫星平台,能承载600kg以上载荷,提供ZkW的功率。研制过程中特别强调开发一种可重复用于未来航天计划(例如数据中继卫星计划)的平台。卫星设计中密切注意了与多种运载火箭的兼容性,以适应绝大多数发射市场的运载火箭。 第三节介绍该星的开发方法。为使准备制造的各种研制模型最佳化,确保系统成功验证,制造了一系列子设备/装配系统的模型,并经过专门的质量检验测试,包括绝大多数环境试验,旨在降低未来卫星的成本。本文最后一节介绍该计划     

跟踪与数据中继卫星系统第二套地面终端站

在九十年代及后续的时间里,跟踪与数据中继卫星系统(TDRSS)第二套地面终端站(STGT)将为NASA天基网(SN)的用户提供高可用性指令和控制能力及更高级的服务。TDRSS这一天基网(SN)将是国际空间站和其它用户航天器及其地面支持部分的主要通信关口。STGT含有一套带备份的分布式计算机系统,对带备份的射频(RF)到基带的设备链进行组配与控制,以完成用户数据的透明传输、用户星的跟踪测轨和中继卫星(TDRS)的控制和监视。STGT与位于哥达德航天中心(GSFC)的NASA测控网控制中心(NCC)有接口,通过该接口对STGT进行自动调度和控制。STGT还备有一个TDRSS本地操控中心(TOCC2)和一套与国内通信卫星(DOMSAT)的接口设备。TOCC2用于本地监视和备份控制,接口设备用于数据分发。本文专门介绍STGT,并重点描述为用户航天器进行中继业务的各部分的配置及其监控情况。     

Structure of low-head two-phase flow in flat nozzles during outflow of the liquid into rarefied medium

Outcomes of experimental researches of the low-pressure adiabatic flow of the boiling liquid through two-dimensional Laval nozzles in a vacuum atmosphere were adduced. Requirements of critical conditions of flow were determined. Structural forms of a stream were investigated and their connection with crisis of flow was shown. It was established periodic non-stationary macrostructures of a stream which was stipulated by the rotational gear of origin of a vapor phase.      

卫星通信系统的现状与动向

CCC——卫星通信系统——星上等效全向辐射功率 BPK——(地面频道信号)时分——脉码调制——二重相位键控——(卫星转发器通道信号)频分多     

傅里叶法在检测加速目标和估算其中等速度时的性能

在采用脉冲多普勒雷达检测叠加白高斯噪声的非加速目标并估算其径向速度时，傅里叶法提供了随脉冲数线性增加的输出信噪比(SNR)。只要文中描述的加速度在一定意义上足够小，那么即使目标加速时，仍可用傅里叶法来检测该目标并估算其中速。对于一个给定加速度，在傅里叶法失效前，脉冲数增大时，傅里叶方法的输出SNR变化是一个凹函数，增大到最大后减小。这样脉冲数和加速度就必须匹配才能取得最佳性能。本文中给出了加速度一定时最佳SNR和最佳脉冲数之间的经验公式。所得结论与以广义似然比检测(Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test，简称GLRT)为基础设计的检测器有关，这些检测器在一个栅格内实施一次搜索。     

航天飞机尾部服务塔的设计和研制

航天飞机的成功发射取决于两个尾部服务塔的正常工作。通过完整的设计、研制和试验计划保证了尾部服务塔工作的可靠性。在前一篇文章(参考文献1)中，已叙述了尾部服务塔的方案验证试验。本文提出了方案验证试验的结果和对尾部服务塔样机设计所带来的影响。简述了设计准则，对所提出的尾部服务塔样机试验作了阐述。     

Spherule beds 3.47-3.24 billion years old in the Barberton Greenstone Belt,South Africa: a record of large meteorite impacts and their influence on early crustal and biological evolution

Four layers, S1-S4, containing sand-sized spherical particles formed as a result of large meteorite impacts, occur in 3.47-3.24 Ga rocks of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Ir levels in S3 and S4 locally equal or exceed chondritic values but in other sections are at or only slightly above background. Most spherules are inferred to have formed by condensation of impact-produced rock vapor clouds, although some may represent ballistically ejected liquid droplets. Extreme Ir abundances and heterogeneity may reflect element fractionation during spherule formation, hydraulic fractionation during deposition, and/or diagenetic and metasomatic processes. Deposition of S1, S2, and S3 was widely influenced by waves and/or currents interpreted to represent impact-generated tsunamis, and S1 and S2 show multiple graded layers indicating the passage of two or more wave trains. These tsunamis may have promoted mixing within a globally stratified ocean, enriching surface waters in nutrients for biological communities. S2 and S3 mark the transition from the 300-million-year-long Onverwacht stage of predominantly basaltic and komatiitic volcanism to the late orogenic stage of greenstone belt evolution, suggesting that regional and possibly global tectonic reorganization resulted from these large impacts. These beds provide the oldest known direct record of terrestrial impacts and an opportunity to explore their influence on early life, crust, ocean, and atmosphere. The apparent presence of impact clusters at 3.26-3.24 Ga and approximately 2.65-2.5 Ga suggests either spikes in impact rates during the Archean or that the entire Archean was characterized by terrestrial impact rates above those currently estimated from the lunar cratering record.     

CFD simulation of helicopter rotor flow based on unsteady actuator disk model

Actuator Disks(AD) can provide characterizations of rotor wakes while reducing computational expense associated with modeling the fully resolved blades. This work presents an unsteady actuator disk method based on surface circulation distribution combined with empirical data, blade element theory and rotor momentum theory. The nonuniform circulation distribution accounts for 3 D blade load effects, and in particular, tip loses. Numerical simulations were conducted for the isolated pressure sensi...