Influence of Fast Global Variations of Solar Magnetic Fields on Space Weather in Cycle 23

It is established that the large-scale and global magnetic fields in the Sun's atmosphere do not change smoothly, and long-lasting periods of gradual variations are superseded by fast structural changes of the global magnetic field. Periods of fast global changes on the Sun are accompanied by anomalous manifestations in the interplanetary space and in the geomagnetic field. There is a regular recurrence of these periods in each cycle of solar activity, and the periods are characterized by enhanced flaring activity that reflects fast changes in magnetic structures. Is demonstrated, that the fast changes have essential influencing on a condition of space weather, as most strong geophysical disturbances are connected to sporadic phenomena on the Sun. An explanation has been offered for the origin of anomalous geomagnetic disturbances that are unidentifiable in traditionally used solar activity indices. Is shown, main physical mechanism that leads to fast variations of the magnetic fields in the Sun's atmosphere is the reconnection process.     

用以提高表征振荡器性能的修正的“阿仑方差”

目前,“阿仑方差”σ_y~2(τ)已成为用时域法测量振荡器不稳定度的事实上的标准。振荡器的频率不稳定度往往可以用幂律谱适当模拟:Sy(f)～f~α,其中 y 为标准频率,f 为付里叶频率,而α在某一付里叶频率范围内为一个常数。已经证明,对于幂律谱σ_y~2(τ)～τ~μ,且在-3相似文献   

用于SAR图像的二维超分辨率谱分析

描述了现代谱分析技术应用于合成孔径雷达数据的情况，目的在于提高图像的几何分辨率（相对于采用压缩编码波形和合成孔所得到的图像分辨率而言），以便使随后的分类处理的性能也能有所提高。传统的频谱估值器（即FFT）产生的图像的方位和距离分辨率受到了瑞利极限的限制。用参数谱估值器（如那些位于去线性调频信号的自回归模型周围的估值器）取代FFT，可获得超分辨率图像。所提出的处理方案基于二维协方差方法。讨论了所预期的分辨率的改进和模拟分析的结果。已将这一技术用于机载SAR所获取的图像，分辨率提高了2倍。最后以对未来的研究和应用的展望来结束本文。     

Effects of 12 days exposure to simulated microgravity on central circulatory hemodynamics in the rhesus monkey

Central circulatory hemodynamic responses were measured before and during the initial 9 days of a 12-day 10 degrees head-down tilt (HDT) in 4 flight-sized juvenile rhesus monkeys who were surgically instrumented with a variety of intrathoracic catheters and blood flow sensors to assess the effects of simulated microgravity on central circulatory hemodynamics. Each subject underwent measurements of aortic and left ventricular pressures, and aortic flow before and during HDT as well as during a passive head-up postural test before and after HDT. Heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were measured, and dP/dt and left ventricular elastance was calculated from hemodynamic measurements. The postural test consisted of 5 min of supine baseline control followed by 5 minutes of 90 degrees upright tilt (HUT). Heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure showed no consistent alterations during HDT. Left ventricular elastance was reduced in all animals throughout HDT, indicating that cardiac compliance was increased. HDT did not consistently alter left ventricular +dP/dt, indicating no change in cardiac contractility. Heart rate during the post-HDT HUT postural test was elevated compared to pre-HDT while post-HDT cardiac output was decreased by 52% as a result of a 54% reduction in stroke volume throughout HUT. Results from this study using an instrumented rhesus monkey suggest that exposure to microgravity may increase ventricular compliance without alternating cardiac contractility. Our project supported the notion that an invasively-instrumented animal model should be viable for use in spaceflight cardiovascular experiments to assess potential changes in myocardial function and cardiac compliance.     

Electrophysiological, histochemical, and hormonal adaptation of rat muscle after prolonged hindlimb suspension

The perspective of long-duration flights for future exploration, imply more research in the field of human adaptation. Previous studies in rat muscles hindlimb suspension (HLS), indicated muscle atrophy and a change of fibre composition from slow-to-fast twitch types. However, the contractile responses to long-term unloading is still unclear. Fifteen adult Wistar rats were studied in 45 and 70 days of muscle unweighting and soleus (SOL) muscle as well as extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were prepared for electrophysiological recordings (single, twitch, tetanic contraction and fatigue) and histochemical stainings. The loss of muscle mass observed was greater in the soleus muscle. The analysis of electrophysiological properties of both EDL and SOL showed significant main effects of group, of number of unweighting days and fatigue properties. Single contraction for soleus muscle remained unchanged but there was statistically significant difference for tetanic contraction and fatigue. Fatigue index showed a decrease for the control rats, but increase for the HLS rats. According to the histochemical findings there was a shift from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism during HLS. The data suggested that muscles atrophied, but they presented an adaptation pattern, while their endurance in fatigue was decreased.     

室内火箭试车台的理论和试验评定

用于固体火箭发动机静态试车的一种新的室内试验设施最近在荷兰全国应用科学研究中心的Prins Maurits实验室建成。本文介绍了试车的概况,气体动力学特性,强度和减声特性,以及验证试验的结果。     

UAVSAR：NASA用于科技研究的新型机载SAR系统

NASA的喷气推动实验室目前正在建造可重构的极化L波段合成孔径雷达（SAR），它是专门设计用于为差分干涉测量荻取航空测绘重复航迹SAR数据的。差分干涉仪能够给出关键的变形测量，对于研究地震、火山和其他动态变化现象是很重要的。该系统采用精确的实时GPS和探测器控制飞行管理系统，能够以很高的精度按预设路径飞行。飞行控制系统的期望性能把飞行路径限制在直径为10m的通道内。按其设计，该雷达可在UAV（无人机）上工作，但最初会在NASA的“湾流Ⅲ”上进行验证。这部雷达是全极化的，距离向带宽为80GHz（2m距离分辨率），并支持16km的距离地面条带。天线沿航迹进行电控，以确保天线波束能够独立指向而不用考虑风向和风速。天线所支持的其他特征包括俯仰单脉冲和脉冲一脉冲间的操纵能力，这样可以实现一些新颖的工作模式。系统的额定工作高度为45000英尺（13800米）。该计划是作为NASA地球科学和技术办公室（ESTO）资助的设备孵化器项目（IIP）开始的。     

Bone and body mass changes during space flight

Long duration space flight has shown us that humans have significant bone loss and mineral changes because they are living in microgravity. Skylab and the longer Salyut and Mir missions, are providing us useful data and allowing us to explore the mechanism involved in skeletal turnover. Bone redistribution occurs throughout space flight with bone loss predominately in the weight bearing bones of posture and locomotion. The primary health hazards which may occur during space flight induced by skeletal changes include signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia, and the risk of kidney stones and metastatic calcification. After flight lengthy recovery of bone mass and the possible increase in the risk of bone fracture should be considered. Continued research studies are being directed toward determining the mechanisms by which bone is lost in space and developing more effective countermeasures by both the US (Schneider and McDonald, 1984 and Schneider, LeBlanc & Huntoon, 1993) and Russian (Grigoriev et. al., 1989) space programs.     

含硝酸酯增塑剂的固体推进剂的脆化研究

本文介绍硝酸酯增塑的聚醚聚氨酯推进剂在低温贮存中,解决失去应变能力(脆化)问题的研究结果。这种高度增塑的推进剂在低温下短期贮存,几乎完全失去了应变能力。研究这种脆化的原因表明,交联密度以及粘合剂配方是起作用的因素。湿度曾被考虑是因素之一,但实验证明并非如此。实验表明增塑剂结晶是脆变的主要原因但不一定与增塑剂的凝固点有关。重新测定某些增塑剂的凝固点是研究工作的一部份。放入增塑剂晶体增加了推进剂脆变速度。单独采用丁三醇三硝酸酯(BTTN)或是混合增塑剂可以解决这个问题。采用混合增塑剂可以得到最好的低温性能。