基于核主成分分析的空域复杂度无监督评估

空域复杂度评估作为衡量空域运行态势、管制员工作压力的关键手段,是运行调控的基础。由于影响因素众多,不同因素间耦合关联复杂,且标定样本很难获取,空域复杂度的准确评估被公认为航空领域的一个挑战性问题。提出了一种空域复杂度的无监督评估方法。首先通过核主成分分析挖掘原始样本各维度的非线性耦合关系,准确提取能够最大化复杂度评估信息量的主成分,进一步设计了可按需定制的主成分聚类方法,实现了无监督条件下空域复杂度的准确评估,为空域划分、流量管理提供了有效的技术支撑。     

两个线性调频干扰源的识别方法

构建了两个线性调频干扰源通过雷达接收机的干扰信号模型 ,根据小波变换的性质 ,提出了一种两个线性调频干扰源的分选方法。对两个线性调频混合信号进行小波变换 ,然后由信号的三维时 -频图及其在时频坐标下的等高线分选两个干扰源。模拟结果表明 ,此方法是可行的     

基于协同决策的多航站楼停机位实时分配算法

针对多航站楼机场停机位实时指派问题,提出了基于协同决策并考虑航空公司时隙交换公平性的机位实时指派算法。该算法将多航站楼资源的可共享性考虑到指派算法中,以最小延误费用原则为约束,采用混合集合规划进行指派模型的建立与求解。该算法在保证多航站楼停机位资源有效共享的前提下,充分实现了航空公司时隙交换的公平性,并且使延误引起的多方成本最小化。算例说明:本文提出的算法可以有效解决多航站楼的机位实时分配问题。     

在电解高纯石英谐振器中辐照引起的频率和电阻的变化

本文描述了由电解高纯石英制造的高精密5兆赫AT切石英谐振器中辐照引起的频率和电阻的变化。文中介绍了辐照测量方法、瞬态和稳态数据,以及热模拟结果。依嗦尔研究成果中的光学级和超Q石英可以像生长的晶体一样足够纯,得出的结论是:1)没有观察到通常与频率时间相关的t~(-1/2)恢复特性;2)如果未经电解,杂质含量仍然很高,足以在离子辐照脉冲后的一个短时间内使品质因数明显下降;3)由于电解能够进一步降低辐照响应,所以,杂质的影响不再很明显;4)电解石英的瞬时辐照响应实际上主要是热造成的。     

矩形AT切谐振器中耦合模的能陷

沿Z′方向伸长,宽(沿x)厚比(～3)小的矩形AT切谐振器,有很强的能陷,而这个问题在理论上还没有搞清楚。在特定的实验条件下,用干涉法测量与e~(?)成比例的振幅衰减,得出(?)=0.33,然而按照肖克雷(Shockley)等人(1966)的能陷理论,则得到(?)=0.088。测得的衰减常数与观察到的质量因数(一般为500000)是一致的。用闵德林(Mindlin)(1951)的及闵德林和盖奇斯(Gazis)(1961)的片子公式,可以把厚度切变与弯曲和面切变的耦合考虑进去。尽管如此,还是得到了同前面理论值几乎一样的衰减常数。这种谐振器的固有稳定度优于10~(-10)/秒。     

傅里叶变换法用于脉冲多普勒雷达检测加速运动目标的研究

傅里叶变换法通常用于脉冲多普勒雷达检测加速运动目标，尽管该方法的性能会受多普勒拖尾现象限制。机动飞机和导弹属于加速运动目标。本文作者量化了多普勒拖尾的影响。在运用脉冲多普勒雷达检测附加白高斯噪声的非加速目标并估算该目标的径向速度试验中，傅里叶变换法能够使输出信噪比(SNR)随脉冲数线性增加。当目标加速时，只要加速度足够小，那么傅里叶方法仍可以检测目标并估算其平均速度。针对某一给定的加速度，当脉冲数增加时，傅里叶变换法得到的输出信噪比(SNR)随脉冲数的增加成凹函数变化，即输出SNR先增加到最大值然后开始下降，直到该方法不适用为止。因此脉冲数和加速度必须匹配才能获得最佳性能。文中给出了最佳SNR、最佳脉冲数与加速度关系的经验公式。这些结果被证明与采用栅格搜寻的广义似然比检测器设计是相符的。     

Artificial gravity: a possible countermeasure for post-flight orthostatic intolerance

Four payload crewmembers were exposed to sustained linear acceleration in a centrifuge during the Neurolab (STS-90) flight. In contrast to previous studies, otolith–ocular reflexes were preserved during and after flight. This raised the possibility that artificial gravity may have acted as a countermeasure to the deconditioning of otolith–ocular reflexes. None of the astronauts who were centrifuged had orthostatic intolerance when tested with head-up passive tilt after flight. Thus, centrifugation may also have helped maintain post-flight hemodynamic responses to orthostasis by preserving the gain of the otolith–sympathetic reflex. A comparison with two fellow Neurolab orbiter crewmembers not exposed to artificial gravity provided some support for this hypothesis. One of the two had hemodynamic changes in response to post-flight tilt similar to orthostatically intolerant subjects from previous missions. More data is necessary to evaluate this hypothesis, but if it were proven correct, in-flight short-radius centrifugation may help counteract orthostatic intolerance after space flight.     

Vanguard--a European robotic astrobiology-focussed Mars sub-surface mission proposal

We present a new European Mars mission proposal to build on the UK-led Beagle2 Mars mission and continue its astrobiology-focussed investigation of Mars. The small surface element to be delivered to the Martian surface--Vanguard--is designed to be carried by a Mars Express-type spacecraft bus to Mars and adopts a similar entry, descent and landing system as Beagle2. The surface element comprises a triad of robotic devices--a lander, a micro-rover of the Sojourner class for surface mobility, and three ground-penetrating moles mounted onto the rover for sub-surface penetration to 5 m depth. The major onboard instruments on the rover include a Raman spectrometer/imager, a laser plasma spectrometer, an infrared spectrometer--these laser instruments provide the basis for in situ "remote" sensing of the sub-surface Martian environment within a powerful scientific package. The moles carry the instruments' sensor head array to the sub-surface. The moles are thus required to undergo a one-way trip down the boreholes without the need for recovery of moles or samples, eliminating much of the robotic complexity invoked by such operations.     

Immobilization induces a very rapid increase in osteoclast activity

We studied in a randomized, strictly controlled cross-over design, the effects of 6 days 6 degrees head-down tilt bed rest (HDT) in eight male healthy subjects in our metabolic ward. The study consisted of two periods (phases) of 11 days each in order to allow for the test subjects being their own controls. Both study phases were identical with respect to environmental conditions, study protocol and diet. Two days before arriving in the metabolic ward the subjects started with a diet. The diet was continued in the metabolic ward. The metabolic ward period (1l days) was divided into three parts: 4 ambulatory days, 6 days either HDT or control and 1 recovery day. Continuous urine collection started on the first day in the metabolic ward to analyze calcium excretion and bone resorption markers. On the 2nd ambulatory day in the metabolic ward and on the 5th day in HDT or control blood was drawn to analyze serum calcium, parathyroid hormone, and bone formation markers. Urinary calcium excretion was, as early as the first day in immobilization, increased (p<0.01). CTX- and NTX-excretion stayed unchanged in the first 24 h in HDT compared to the control. But already on the 2nd day of immobilization, both bone resorption markers significantly increased. We conclude from these results--pronounced rise of bone resorption markers--that already 24 h of immobilization induce a significant rise in osteoclast activity in healthy subjects. Thus, it appears possible to use short-term bed rest studies as a first step for the development of countermeasures to immobilization.     

Spectral properties of Lake Superior banded iron formation: application to Martian hematite deposits

Several locations have been identified on Mars that expose bulk, coarsely crystalline gray hematite. These deposits have been interpreted as being sedimentary and formed in aqueous environments. Lake Superior Type (LST) banded iron formation (BIF) was investigated as a spectral and possible process analog to these deposits. In northern Michigan, LST BIF formed in a sedimentary, continental shelf or shallow basin environment under stable tectonic conditions, and the oxide facies contains gray, crystalline hematite. These deposits are Proterozoic in age and contain microfossils associated with the early diversification of life on Earth. Samples of the hematite-bearing oxide facies, as well as the carbonate facies, were collected and analyzed for their spectral and geochemical characteristics. Sample spectra were measured in the visible, near-infrared, and thermal infrared for comparison with remote and in situ spectra obtained at Mars. Thin section analysis, as well as X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy measurements, were performed to determine detailed geochemistry. There is no evidence for BIF at Opportunity's Meridiani landing site, and the results of this work will provide useful data for determining whether BIFs exist elsewhere on Mars and are, thus, relevant to current and future Mars exploration missions.