航天器开普勒轨道和非开普勒轨道的定义、分类及控制

给出了航天器开普勒轨道（KO）和非开普勒轨道（NKO）的来源、定义、分类和特点,阐明了KO和NKO之间的关系,介绍了相关的轨道控制与轨道确定、制导与导航的涵义.     

基于立体视觉的航天器相对位姿测量方法与仿真研究

空间目标的相对位姿测量,是进行交会对接、绕飞监测、编队飞行等的前提.提出了基于立体视觉的方法,包括图像滤波、分割、连通区域标记、3D重建、相对位姿计算等步骤.并建立了仿真系统,该系统基于VC环境,将追踪星、日标星的3D几何模型、姿态动力学模型、相对轨道动力学模型、控制器/执行机构的数学模型,以及立体相机的成像与采集模型集成一体,可进行全闭环的仿真.仿真结果验证了算法的有效性.     

霍尔效应推力器羽流的PIC/MCC模拟(英文)

采用粒子网格单元与蒙特卡洛碰撞相结合的方法,建立霍尔效应推力器羽流的二维轴对称模型.模型中电子作为流体处理且服从等熵假设,离子(Xe~+和Xe~(2+))采用粒子描述,中性原子为背景气体.自洽电势通过求解非准中性、线性化Poisson方程获得.模拟结果与实验数据相比较表明,模型能够可靠预估羽流的物理特性;粒子入射发散角为30°～40°时模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好;倒流区离子数密度可达10~(14)m~(-3),会对飞行器表面造成损害;且等离子体密度和电子温度沿轴线方向衰减很快.     

浅谈总装质量追溯

企业在MES系统选型时除了要具备一定的前瞻性外,还要对自身现状有比较明确的目标和清晰的认识,相同的软件可以有不同的配置,良好的实施效果往往不是选定一套优秀的产品就可以决定的.     

飞行器用梯度材料的微观结构及热应力分析

采用薄片叠层法制备了SUS304/ZrO2梯度材料,观察了梯度为20%的梯度材料的微观形貌,对其截面进行了显微硬度测量,并进行了残余热应力分析.结果表明:SUS304/ZrO2梯度材料呈阶梯式梯度变化,成分呈梯度变化过渡良好,残余热应力远小于SUS304/ZrO2层状材料,热应力缓和效果明显,可以满足飞行器材料的使用要求.     

磁柱面作图法获取航天器垂向有效磁矩的探究

为解决大尺度、大磁矩航天器磁性测量时采用常规近场测试方法带来的整器磁矩偏心误差大、无法获得有效磁矩的难题,采用在航天器几何赤道面上下典型区域多层次布局传感器的方式获得整器柱面静态磁场数据。按10?1器模比例建立航天器垂向标准磁偶极子、双磁偶极子和组合态多磁偶极子磁矩分布模型,按上述多层分布测试方法对标准模型进行仿真试验。结果表明：在异向双磁偶极子和多磁偶极子模型中,当传感器位置高度逼近模型垂向磁赤道区域时,获得的结果更接近模型预置的标准磁矩量值;整器垂向磁性分布特征与异向多极子模型2具有高度相似性,进一步证明航天器磁赤道区域测得的结果更真实代表了垂向磁矩量值。该方法极大地提高了大磁矩航天器整器垂向磁矩准确性及其裕度控制范围。     

M stars as targets for terrestrial exoplanet searches and biosignature detection

The changing view of planets orbiting low mass stars, M stars, as potentially hospitable worlds for life and its remote detection was motivated by several factors, including the demonstration of viable atmospheres and oceans on tidally locked planets, normal incidence of dust disks, including debris disks, detection of planets with masses in the 5-20 M() range, and predictions of unusually strong spectral biosignatures. We present a critical discussion of M star properties that are relevant for the long- and short-term thermal, dynamical, geological, and environmental stability of conventional liquid water habitable zone (HZ) M star planets, and the advantages and disadvantages of M stars as targets in searches for terrestrial HZ planets using various detection techniques. Biological viability seems supported by unmatched very long-term stability conferred by tidal locking, small HZ size, an apparent short-fall of gas giant planet perturbers, immunity to large astrosphere compressions, and several other factors, assuming incidence and evolutionary rate of life benefit from lack of variability. Tectonic regulation of climate and dynamo generation of a protective magnetic field, especially for a planet in synchronous rotation, are important unresolved questions that must await improved geodynamic models, though they both probably impose constraints on the planet mass. M star HZ terrestrial planets must survive a number of early trials in order to enjoy their many Gyr of stability. Their formation may be jeopardized by an insufficient initial disk supply of solids, resulting in the formation of objects too small and/or dry for habitability. The small empirical gas giant fraction for M stars reduces the risk of formation suppression or orbit disruption from either migrating or nonmigrating giant planets, but effects of perturbations from lower mass planets in these systems are uncertain. During the first approximately 1 Gyr, atmospheric retention is at peril because of intense and frequent stellar flares and sporadic energetic particle events, and impact erosion, both enhanced, the former dramatically, for M star HZ semimajor axes. Loss of atmosphere by interactions with energetic particles is likely unless the planetary magnetic moment is sufficiently large. For the smallest stellar masses a period of high planetary surface temperature, while the parent star approaches the main sequence, must be endured. The formation and retention of a thick atmosphere and a strong magnetic field as buffers for a sufficiently massive planet emerge as prerequisites for an M star planet to enter a long period of stability with its habitability intact. However, the star will then be subjected to short-term fluctuations with consequences including frequent unpredictable variation in atmospheric chemistry and surficial radiation field. After a review of evidence concerning disks and planets associated with M stars, we evaluate M stars as targets for future HZ planet search programs. Strong advantages of M stars for most approaches to HZ detection are offset by their faintness, leading to severe constraints due to accessible sample size, stellar crowding (transits), or angular size of the HZ (direct imaging). Gravitational lensing is unlikely to detect HZ M star planets because the HZ size decreases with mass faster than the Einstein ring size to which the method is sensitive. M star Earth-twin planets are predicted to exhibit surprisingly strong bands of nitrous oxide, methyl chloride, and methane, and work on signatures for other climate categories is summarized. The rest of the paper is devoted to an examination of evidence and implications of the unusual radiation and particle environments for atmospheric chemistry and surface radiation doses, and is summarized in the Synopsis. We conclude that attempts at remote sensing of biosignatures and nonbiological markers from M star planets are important, not as tests of any quantitative theories or rational arguments, but instead because they offer an inspection of the residues from a Gyr-long biochemistry experiment in the presence of extreme environmental fluctuations. A detection or repeated nondetections could provide a unique opportunity to partially answer a fundamental and recurrent question about the relation between stability and complexity, one that is not addressed by remote detection from a planet orbiting a solar-like star, and can only be studied on Earth using restricted microbial systems in serial evolution experiments or in artificial life simulations. This proposal requires a planet that has retained its atmosphere and a water supply. The discussion given here suggests that observations of M star exoplanets can decide this latter question with only slight modifications to plans already in place for direct imaging terrestrial exoplanet missions.     

Interplanetary transfer of photosynthesis: an experimental demonstration of a selective dispersal filter in planetary island biogeography

We launched a cryptoendolithic habitat, made of a gneissic impactite inoculated with Chroococcidiopsis sp., into Earth orbit. After orbiting the Earth for 16 days, the rock entered the Earth's atmosphere and was recovered in Kazakhstan. The heat of entry ablated and heated the rock to a temperature well above the upper temperature limit for life to below the depth at which light levels are insufficient for photosynthetic organisms ( approximately 5 mm), thus killing all of its photosynthetic inhabitants. This experiment shows that atmospheric transit acts as a strong biogeographical dispersal filter to the interplanetary transfer of photosynthesis. Following atmospheric entry we found that a transparent, glassy fusion crust had formed on the outside of the rock. Re-inoculated Chroococcidiopsis grew preferentially under the fusion crust in the relatively unaltered gneiss beneath. Organisms under the fusion grew approximately twice as fast as the organisms on the control rock. Thus, the biologically destructive effects of atmospheric transit can generate entirely novel and improved endolithic habitats for organisms on the destination planetary body that survive the dispersal filter. The experiment advances our understanding of how island biogeography works on the interplanetary scale.     

Biomarker response to galactic cosmic ray-induced NOx and the methane greenhouse effect in the atmosphere of an Earth-like planet orbiting an M dwarf star

Planets orbiting in the habitable zone of M dwarf stars are subject to high levels of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), which produce nitrogen oxides (NOx) in Earth-like atmospheres. We investigate to what extent these NO(Mx) species may modify biomarker compounds such as ozone (O3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as related compounds such as water (H2O) (essential for life) and methane (CH4) (which has both abiotic and biotic sources). Our model results suggest that such signals are robust, changing in the M star world atmospheric column due to GCR NOx effects by up to 20% compared to an M star run without GCR effects, and can therefore survive at least the effects of GCRs. We have not, however, investigated stellar cosmic rays here. CH4 levels are about 10 times higher on M star worlds than on Earth because of a lowering in hydroxyl (OH) in response to changes in the ultraviolet. The higher levels of CH4 are less than reported in previous studies. This difference arose partly because we used different biogenic input. For example, we employed 23% lower CH4 fluxes compared to those studies. Unlike on Earth, relatively modest changes in these fluxes can lead to larger changes in the concentrations of biomarker and related species on the M star world. We calculate a CH4 greenhouse heating effect of up to 4K. O3 photochemistry in terms of the smog mechanism and the catalytic loss cycles on the M star world differs considerably compared with that of Earth.     

Homochirality in an early peptide world

A recently proposed model of non-autocatalytic reactions in dipeptide formation that leads to spontaneous symmetry breaking and homochirality was examined. The model is governed by activation, polymerization, epimerization, and depolymerization of amino acids. Symmetry breaking was determined to result primarily from the different rates of reactions that involve homodimers and heterodimers, i.e., stereoselective reactions, and the fact that epimerization can only occur on the N-terminal residue and not on the C-terminal residue. This corresponds to an auto-inductive cyclic process that works only in one direction. It is argued that epimerization mimics autocatalytic behavior as well as mutual antagonism, both of which are known to be crucial for the production of full homochirality.