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61.
The Cluster mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) will allow, for the first time three-dimensional measurements in key regions of the Earth's magnetosphere to be carried out. The European Numerical Simulation Network (ENSN) aims at providing a theoretical support to the mission. We describe the achievements of the ENSN during its first period of activity 1991–1994, during which the network was funded by the European Union. In particular, the ENSN has set up (i) thematic Working Groups on the prime scientific goals of the mission, (ii) a code development Working Group to develop numerical simulation codes specifically adapted to studying magnetospheric boundaries and the corresponding scale mixing, and (iii) software models of Cluster instruments to test in a numerical simulation what the set of four instruments will measure. 相似文献
62.
Demands for portability have fueled significant developments in new battery technology. These developments have resulted in many more options in selecting the battery type for use in a particular project, but since most applications today are opting for rechargeable battery systems, the availability of battery charging solutions can become an equally important criteria in the selection process. Complicating this process are the demands for fast-but safe-charging with charge algorithms easily implemented with low-cost hardware. With the higher levels of complexity attendant with these more demanding algorithms, solutions have come primarily from the integrated circuit industry and the purpose of this paper is to provide a few examples of the latest efforts in this arena, specifically as addressed to lead-acid, nickel metal-hydride, and lithium-ion technologies 相似文献
63.
The Electron Radiation Belt 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Electron radiation belts can change dramatically in a few seconds or slowly over years. Important issues in understanding such changes are: (1) What is the source of electrons in the radiation belts? (2) How important is radial diffusion compared to other radial transport mechanisms? (3) What are the detailed changes in the magnetosphere that produce radial diffusion? (4) Why is the response of the electron radiation belt to changes in the solar wind different from that of substorms and of the ring current? (5) Are processes other than radial transport, such as wave-particle interactions, important in energizing electrons in the radiation belts? 相似文献
64.
T. J. Ponman A. M. Read 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1993,13(12):361-364
Using data from the Wide Field Camera EUV all-sky survey, we have established upper limits to the EUV flux from a sample of 30 bright, nearby, non-active spiral galaxies. These galaxies were chosen to be those most likely to be detected in the EUV on the basis of (i) low interstellar absorption within our own galaxy, (ii) brightness in other wavebands, (iii) high star formation activity, and (iv) proximity. The derived EUV upper limits are restrictive, and establish for the first time that the EUV flux escaping from galaxies does not constitute a major component of their bolometric luminosity, and in particular that it cannot be the sink for the energy injected into the interstellar medium by supernova explosions, as had been suggested following the failure to detect this power in the X-ray band. 相似文献
65.
Bacon B.J. Ostroff A.J. Joshi S.M. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2001,37(4):1373-1383
A modified derivation of nonlinear dynamic inversion provides the theoretical underpinnings for a reconfigurable control law for aircraft that have suffered combinations of actuator failures, missing effector surfaces, and aerodynamic changes. The approach makes use of acceleration feedback to extract information pertaining to any aerodynamic change and thus does not require a complete aerodynamic model of the aircraft. The control law does require feedback of effector positions to accommodate actuator dynamics. Both accelerometer and rate gyro failure detection and isolation (FDI) systems are implemented, allowing up to three independent failures for each FDI system as long as they are in different axes. Nonlinear simulation results show that the FDI systems improve the robustness to accelerometer/rate gyro uncertainties. An advanced tailless aircraft model is used to demonstrate the concepts. The simulation includes accelerometer and rate gyro noise and bias, failures due to accelerometers, rate gyros, and actuators, and modeled missing surfaces that cause airplane aerodynamic changes 相似文献
66.
Shu-Mei Guo Shieh L.S. Guanrong Chen Coleman N.P. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2001,37(4):1406-1418
An observer-type of Kalman innovation filtering algorithm to find a practically implementable "best" Kalman filter, and such an algorithm based on the evolutionary programming (EP) optima-search technique, are proposed, for linear discrete-time systems with time-invariant unknown-but-hounded plant and noise uncertainties. The worst-case parameter set from the stochastic uncertain system represented by the interval form with respect to the implemented "best" filter is also found in this work for demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed filtering scheme. The new EP-based algorithm utilizes the global optima-searching capability of EP to find the optimal Kalman filter and state estimates at every iteration, which include both the best possible worst case Interval and the optimal nominal trajectory of the Kalman filtering estimates of the system state vectors. Simulation results are included to show that the new algorithm yields more accurate estimates and is less conservative as compared with other related robust filtering schemes 相似文献
67.
The Freja ultraviolet imager 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
J. S. Murphree R A. King T. Payne K. Smith D. Reid J. Adema B. Gordon R. Wlochowicz 《Space Science Reviews》1994,70(3-4):421-446
Auroral images acquired by satellite instrumentation have proven to be a crucial component of the scientific equiry into the physical processes of the Earth's magnetosphere. TheFreja mission provided an opportunity to extend these measurements into the temporal and spatial regime commonly associated with ground-based optical imagers. Employing the basic procedure used successfully in theViking program allowed image repetition rates of 6 s to be achieved with simultaneous exposure of all pixels within the field-of-view. Typical exposure times of 0.3 s required development of an improved image intensifier system and operational requirements resulted in image formats covering approximately one-third of a spin. Simultaneously exposing two broad-band UV cameras, the instrument generates in its normal operational mode 264.6 kbytes per image pair. Results from initial operations confirm the design approach and suggest such imagers can be routinely included on challenging low cost missions such asFreja. 相似文献
68.
Y. Futaana S. Barabash A. Grigoriev D. Winningham R. Frahm M. Yamauchi R. Lundin 《Space Science Reviews》2006,126(1-4):315-332
As a part of the global plasma environment study of Mars and its response to the solar wind, we have analyzed a peculiar case
of the subsolar energetic neutral atom (ENA) jet observed on June 7, 2004 by the Neutral Particle Detector (NPD) on board
the Mars Express satellite. The “subsolar ENA jet” is generated by the interaction between the solar wind and the Martian
exosphere, and is one of the most intense sources of ENA flux observed in the vicinity of Mars. On June 7, 2004 (orbit 485
of Mars Express), the NPD observed a very intense subsolar ENA jet, which then abruptly decreased within ∼10 sec followed
by quasi-periodic (∼1 min) flux variations. Simultaneously, the plasma sensors detected a solar wind structure, which was
most likely an interplanetary shock surface. The abrupt decrease of the ENA flux and the quasi-periodic flux variations can
be understood in the framework of the global response of the Martian plasma obstacle to the interplanetary shock. The generation
region of the subsolar ENA jet was pushed towards the planet by the interplanetary shock; and therefore, Mars Express went
out of the ENA jet region. Associated global vibrations of the Martian plasma obstacle may have been the cause of the quasi-periodic
flux variations of the ENA flux at the spacecraft location. 相似文献
69.
Tactically maneuvering targets are difficult to track since acceleration cannot be observed directly and the accelerations are induced by human control or an autonomous guidance system therefore they are not subject to deterministic models. A common tracking system is the two-state Kalman filter with a Singer maneuver model where the second-order statistics of acceleration is the same as a first-order Markov process. The Singer model assumes a uniform probability distribution on the targets acceleration which is independent of the x and y direction. In practice, it is expected that targets have constant forward speed and an acceleration vector normal to the velocity vector, a condition not present in the Singer model. The work of Singer is extended by presenting a maneuver model which assumes constant forward speed and a probability distribution on the targets turn-rate. Details of the model are presented along with sample simulation results 相似文献
70.