Thoracic sonography for pneumothorax: the clinical evaluation of an operational space medicine spin-off

The recent interest in the use of ultrasound (US) to detect pneumothoraces after acute trauma in North America was initially driven by an operational space medicine concern. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are at risk for pneumothoraces, and US is the only potential medical imaging available. Pneumothoraces are common following trauma, and are a preventable cause of death, as most are treatable with relatively simple interventions. While pneumothoraces are optimally diagnosed clinically, they are more often inapparent even on supine chest radiographs (CXR) with recent series reporting a greater than 50% rate of occult pneumothoraces. In the course of basic scientific investigations in a conventional and parabolic flight laboratory, investigators familiarized themselves with the sonographic features of both pneumothoraces and normal pulmonary ventilation. By examining the visceral–parietal pleural interface (VPPI) with US, investigators became confident in diagnosing pneumothoraces. This knowledge was subsequently translated into practice at an American and a Canadian trauma center. The sonographic examination was found to be more accurate and sensitive than CXR (US 96% and 100% versus US 74% and 36%) in specific circumstances. Initial studies have also suggested that detecting the US features of pleural pulmonary ventilation in the left lung field may offer the ability to exclude serious endotracheal tube malpositions such as right mainstem and esophageal intubations. Applied thoracic US is an example of a clinically useful space medicine spin-off that is improving health care on earth.     

Influence of the gravitational vertical on geometric visual illusions

The occurrence of geometric orientation illusions and the perception of ambiguous figures were analyzed in 24 subjects during static body tilt relative to gravity on Earth. Results showed that illusions such as the Rock's diamond/square, the Ponzo illusion, and orientation contrast illusions occurred less frequently, and that depth reversal of ambiguous figures took more time when subjects were lying on their side or supine compared to upright, thus suggesting that the gravitational reference plays a significant role in these “visual” illusions. The structure of images, our representation of the environment, and orientation relative to gravity are all integral parts in interpreting visual images. In a weightless environment where no gravitational reference can be used, it is expected that similar alterations in visual perception will occur.     

Neutral buoyancy and sleep-deprived serum factors alter expression of cytokines regulating osteogenesis

We examined expression of genes associated with cytokine production, and genes implicated in regulating bone metabolism, in bone stromal and osteoblast cells incubated under standard ground conditions and under conditions of neutral buoyancy, and in the presence/absence of serum from normal or sleep-deprived mice. We observed a clear interaction between these two conditions (exposure to neutral buoyancy and serum stimulation) in promoting enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Both conditions independently altered expression of a number of cytokines implicated in the regulation of bone metabolism. However, using stromal cells from IL-1 and TNFx cytokine(r) KO mice, we concluded that the increased bone loss under microgravity conditions was not primarily cytokine mediated.     

Experimental support for an immunological approach to the search for life on other planets

We propose a three-phase approach to test for evidence of life in extraterrestrial samples. The approach capitalizes on the flexibility, sensitivity, and specificity of antibody-antigen interactions. Data are presented to support the first phase, in which various extraction protocols are compared for efficiency, and in which a preliminary suite of antibodies are tested against various antigens. The antigens and antibodies were chosen on the basis of criteria designed to optimize the detection of extraterrestrial biomarkers unique to living or once-living organisms.     

我应邀参加美国冲击振动讨论会

应美国海军冲击振动情报中心主任蒲西(H·pusey)的邀请,北京强度环境研究所周锡仪、吴家驹二人出席了美国第52届冲击振动讨论会。会议由美国海军试验室冲击振动情报中心组织,美国国防部防核局和美军水路试验局主持,1981年10月26日至29日在美国新奥尔良城举行。来自美国、法国、加拿大、英国、澳大利亚、印度、瑞士和中国等国家的400多名     

DSP:太空观察哨

美国最早的一批侦察卫星属于国防支持计划(DSP)系列,也是目前卫星清单中最老的系列,它们曾经检测到一些不明飞行物.拥有并操纵这批卫星的美国空军一直把这些不明飞行物归纳为“有效的红外光源”,并签定了若干合同来深入研究这种现象.究竟有没有确切的资料来证实上面的说法呢?我认为是有的.在几位天体物理学家的帮助下,我用在大学学过的高等物理学和高等数学进行了一     

“双子座7”号：教训与传奇

“双子座”航天飞机计划的核心目的是进一步完善轨道会合及对接技术，为登上月球可能会用到的月球轨道会合技术提供数据支持。1966年年底。这一技术难题已经被完美解决，可是后来的研究者已经忘了这项研究的最初目的。     

有关阿姆斯特朗的传闻和真相

传闻：选择阿姆斯特朗做“阿波罗11”登月宇航员，是因为他的平民身份。白宫更希望第一个登陆月球的是普通老百姓，而不是军人。 真相：阿姆斯特朗能成为“阿波罗11”号的指令长。是因为他的不断进步。以及他在“双子座”航天飞机及早期“阿波罗”飞行任务中的表现。没人知道，他在成为“阿波罗11”号机组成员之前需要完成多少任务。