Aqueous corrosion of phosphide minerals from iron meteorites: a highly reactive source of prebiotic phosphorus on the surface of the early Earth

We present the results of an experimental study of aqueous corrosion of Fe-phosphide under conditions relevant to the early Earth. The results strongly suggest that iron meteorites were an important source of reactive phosphorus (P), a requirement for the formation of P-based life. We further demonstrate that iron meteorites were an abundant source of phosphide minerals early in Earth history. Phosphide corrosion was studied in five different solutions: deionized water, deionized water buffered with sodium bicarbonate, deionized water with dissolved magnesium and calcium chlorides, deionized water containing ethanol and acetic acid, and deionized water containing the chlorides, ethanol, and acetic acid. Experiments were performed in the presence of both air and pure Ar gas to evaluate the effect of atmospheric chemistry. Phosphide corrosion in deionized water results in a metastable mixture of mixed-valence, P-bearing ions including pyrophosphate and triphosphate, key components for metabolism in modern life. In a pH-buffered solution of NaHCO(3), the condensed and reduced species diphosphonate is an abundant corrosion product. Corrosion in ethanol- and acetic acid-containing solutions yields additional P-bearing organic molecules, including acetyl phosphonate and a cyclic triphosphorus molecule. Phosphonate is a major corrosion product of all experiments and is the only P-bearing molecule that persists in solutions with high concentrations of magnesium and calcium chlorides, which suggests that phosphonate may have been a primitive oceanic source of P. The stability and reactivity of phosphonate and hypophosphite in solution were investigated to elucidate reaction mechanisms and the role of mineral catalysts on P-solution chemistry. Phosphonate oxidation is rapid in the presence of Fe metal but negligible in the presence of magnetite and in the control sample. The rate of hypophosphite oxidation is independent of reaction substrate.     

Surface characteristics of spacecraft components affect the aggregation of microorganisms and may lead to different survival rates of bacteria on Mars landers

Layers of dormant endospores of Bacillus subtilis HA101 were applied to eight different spacecraft materials and exposed to martian conditions of low pressure (8.5 mbar), low temperature (-10 degrees C), and high CO(2) gas composition and irradiated with a Mars-normal ultraviolet (UV-visible- near-infrared spectrum. Bacterial layers were exposed to either 1 min or 1 h of Mars-normal UV irradiation, which simulated clear-sky conditions on equatorial Mars (0.1 tau). When exposed to 1 min of Mars UV irradiation, the numbers of viable endospores of B. subtilis were reduced three to four orders of magnitude for two brands of aluminum (Al), stainless steel, chemfilm-treated Al, clear-anodized Al, and black-anodized Al coupons. In contrast, bacterial survival was reduced only one to two orders of magnitude for endospores on the non-metal materials astroquartz and graphite composite when bacterial endospores were exposed to 1 min of Mars UV irradiation. When bacterial monolayers were exposed to 1 h of Mars UV irradiation, no viable bacteria were recovered from the six metal coupons listed above. In contrast, bacterial survival was reduced only two to three orders of magnitude for spore layers on astroquartz and graphite composite exposed to 1 h of Mars UV irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy images of the bacterial monolayers on all eight spacecraft materials revealed that endospores of B. subtilis formed large aggregates of multilayered spores on astroquartz and graphite composite, but not on the other six spacecraft materials. It is likely that the formation of multilayered aggregates of endospores on astroquartz and graphite composite is responsible for the enhanced survival of bacterial cells on these materials.     

一种有效的锯齿波调频信号识别方法

分析了锯齿波调频信号相位差分序列的特征,在此基础上给出了锯齿波调频信号的识别和参数估计方法,并采用多重相位差分改善了算法对低信噪比环境的适应能力.仿真给出了不同信噪比下对锯齿波调频的识别率.     

固体推进剂燃烧中凝相粒子的激光全息测试

概述了测试凝相粒子尺寸的基本方法，较详细地阐述了研究燃烧场凝相粒子尺寸分布的激光全息测量方法和测试结果。     

C/C喉衬稳态烧蚀的工程计算

根据固体火箭发动机燃烧中氧化性组分扩散控制喷管喉衬烧蚀和Ａｌ２Ｏ３沉积对喉衬的保护，提出Ｃ／Ｃ喉衬稳态烧蚀的工程方法。３个分动机的烧蚀预示结果与实测结果吻合，该计算方法具有较高的精度。     

摆动扫描地球敏感器数学模型及飞行试验结果

描述了东方红三号卫星(DFH-3)控制系统设计和数学仿真中采用的摆动扫描地球敏感器IRES-01的数学模型，东方红三号卫星近三年飞行试验结果与数学仿真结果基本一致，证明数学模型是正确的。     

支板簇引射发动机--21世纪新型航天动力

支板簇引射发动机是火箭基组合循环（RBCC）方案的一种基础动力，是为满足低费用高性能要求而提出的组合推进系统。它将火箭推进和吸气式推进的优势融为一体，是一种适用于21世纪的新型具有自起飞能力的高超声速动力装置。本文就其发展现状及关键技术进行了综合分析，提出了其基本研究思路，并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

当"东方红"乐曲在宇宙空间响起时

1970年 4月 2 4日 ,我国成功地发射了第一颗人造地球卫星 ,宇宙空间第一次响起了“东方红”的乐曲……当“东方红”乐曲在宇宙空间响起时 ,八亿人民尽情欢呼 :“我们也要搞人造卫星的愿望实现了。”它正式向全世界庄严宣告 :在古代四大发明的故乡——中国 ,已具备了生产和发射人造地球卫星的能力。回忆东方红一号卫星在我厂生产、总装和检测的全过程 ,使我们深深感到 :在当时的历史条件下 ,仅用了两年的时间就完成了卫星研制、生产任务 ,确实是件了不起的事。这是坚持独立自主、自力更生的方针 ,发扬社会主义的大协作精神 ,紧紧依靠广大职工…     

我国航天技术的直接经济效益

一、运载火箭的社会和经济效益分析我国发展运载火箭的社会效益主要表现在对我国综合国力和国际地位的提高方面。东方红一号卫星的成功发射，使中国成为继苏、美、法、日之后第五个有能力用自制运载火箭发射人造卫星的国家。独立自主地发展我国的运载火箭技术，对中华民族立足于世界之林，提高在世界上的威望和国际地位作出了巨大贡献，社会效益巨大。而运载火箭在国民经济建设中的作用和其取得的经济效益也是十分显著的。运载火箭的直接经济效益主要体现在节省发射费用、对外发射服务和向国内、外销售技术和产品方面。１．节省发射费用应用…     

用于大斜视角合成孔径雷达成像的时变步进变换算法

大斜视角合成孔径雷达（SAR）成像可用于一些特定的应用场合，如提供与视看角有关的散射信息及重访所感兴趣的区域的场合。现有的SAR成像算法很难直接应用于大斜视角结构，这是因为在信号中的大的距离单元徒动及不可忽略的三次相位项。本文提出了一种改进的算法，称作时变步进变换算法，它采用不同的线性调频（Chirp）率对不同的子孔径中的信号进行去斜坡处理以缓解距离聚焦问题，子孔径之间的间隔也随去斜坡的线性调频率的变化而变化，且在聚焦过程中包括了不可忽视的的三次相位项。所提出的算法在大斜视角模式时性能优良，通过在斜视角增大时缩短子径长度，可使算法的性能几乎与斜视角无关。此外，所提出的算法对于多视处理与运动误差补偿也是灵活的。