中心孔药柱中燃速的径向变化

大西洋研究公司提出了一种分析固体发动机药柱燃烧状况的计算机程序化方法,本法可直接计算局部燃速对已燃药厚的平均燃速的比。包括使用标准批检验发动机的某些特殊试验在内,对几种不同构形的中心孔药柱燃速比的药厚变化效应(“虹效应”)及数值进行了评估。分析表明这种燃速比的药厚效应是由制造方法引起的.实际上与尺寸、长径比、控制温度、燃速和药厚等发动机参数无关。提出了一种假说,认为此种药厚效应的起因与推进剂富粘合剂层的条痕结构有关,而条痕的形状又与制造方法及药柱构形有关。迄今积累的数据表明,对圆孔药柱而言,事先固定芯子的装药比先浇注后插入芯子的装药燃速约高3—4%。药柱上的各种槽沟往往限制了各点虹效应的精度确定,尽管在全部的构形中均可看到总的虹效应,且最大与最小值的差一般均在3—6%范围内变动。本文给出了各种发动机的燃速比数据,其推进剂重量从10磅左右至2000磅,长径比1:1至8:1,药厚从小于1英寸到大于7英寸,药形有槽管状、锥柱状、一端和两端的圆柱状。     

Low-gravity environment in Spacelab

This paper presents residual and system-generated accelerations with results from g-jitter spectral measurements in the Spacelab Engineering Model. An overview (classification, brief discussion, and assessment of magnitudes) of the various constituents of the perturbative acceleration field inside the Spacelab Module is presented, both steady and fluctuating components being considered. Results of local g-jitter spectral measurements taken in the Spacelab Engineering Model (EM-1)/Long Module Configuration are presented for frequencies from less than 1 to 200 Hz. The measured results for the system-generated perturbative accelerations exhibit, in the time domain, amplitudes of the order of 10(-3) g (peak value 3.6 x 10(-3) g). Spectral values of 4 x 10(-4) g are obtained in the frequency range up to 100 Hz; up to 10 Hz, however, the spectral values remain about an order of magnitude smaller, and also between 100 and 200 Hz the perturbation level is significantly lower than below 100 Hz. Measured results from simulated crew activities show, in the time domain, a peak amplitude of 2.6 x 10(-2)g, the spectral values being 6 x 10(-3)g below 100 Hz and 1 x 10(-3)g below 10 Hz for typical perturbances.     

浇铸法生产的复合双基固体推进剂系统

本文叙述通过改变推进剂基本组份可改变复合双基固体推进剂的性能。无论变化怎样,都可使用相同的生产工艺和相同的加工设备。通过高燃速复合双基推进剂,以及排气中无氯化氢的复合双基推进剂和气体发生器所用的复合双基推进剂三个例子说明了这些推进剂系统的性能。     

聚焦航空公司的节油策略

在民航业，油耗是运营商最大的成本支出。受经济和环保等因素影响，节油已成为运营商关心的头等大事。 美国航空运输协会（ATA）2012年1月的最新行业报告显示，从2000年至2011年第二季度，航空燃油费用涨幅高达267％，成为运营成本中上增涨最快的部分。ATA还表示，即使航空公司的用油量增加不多，但支出增加依然很大。     

制造工艺的明天——开放式创新模式助推航空航天产业实现变革

材料、制造工艺的创新以及开放式的创新协作模式，将重塑航空航天行业的明天。     

苏联首批女航天员是怎样诞生的

1962年，苏联的5位女性——瓦连京娜·捷列什科娃、兰娜·约尔金娜、塔季扬娜·库兹涅佐娃、瓦连京娜·波诺马廖娃、伊琳娜·索洛维约娃在航天时代刚刚来临之际加入了世界上第一支女子航天员大队。不过除了瓦连京娜·捷列什科娃外，其他几位女航天员最终也未能实现飞天的梦想。这几位苏联女性是怎样当上航天员的？她们离开航天员大队后做了什么？目前生活得怎么样？     

A combinatorial approach to biochemical space: description and application to the redox distribution of metabolism

Redox chemistry is central to life on Earth. It is well known that life uses redox chemistry to capture energy from environmental chemical energy gradients. Here, we propose that a second use of redox chemistry, related to building biomass from environmental carbon, is equally important to life. We apply a method based on chemical structure to evaluate the redox range of different groups of terrestrial biochemicals, and find that they are consistently of intermediate redox range. We hypothesize the common intermediate range is related to the chemical space required for the selection of a consistent set of metabolites. We apply a computational method to show that the redox range of the chemical space shows the same restricted redox range as the biochemicals that are selected from that space. By contrast, the carbon from which life is composed is available in the environment only as fully oxidized or reduced species. We therefore argue that redox chemistry is essential to life for assembling biochemicals for biomass building. This biomass-building reason for life to require redox chemistry is in addition (and in contrast) to life's use of redox chemistry to capture energy. Life's use of redox chemistry for biomass capture will generate chemical by-products-that is, biosignature gases-that are not in redox equilibrium with life's environment. These potential biosignature gases may differ from energy-capture redox biosignatures.     

An astrophysical view of Earth-based metabolic biosignature gases

Microbial life on Earth uses a wide range of chemical and energetic resources from diverse habitats. An outcome of this microbial diversity is an extensive and varied list of metabolic byproducts. We review key points of Earth-based microbial metabolism that are useful to the astrophysical search for biosignature gases on exoplanets, including a list of primary and secondary metabolism gas byproducts. Beyond the canonical, unique-to-life biosignature gases on Earth (O(2), O(3), and N(2)O), the list of metabolic byproducts includes gases that might be associated with biosignature gases in appropriate exoplanetary environments. This review aims to serve as a starting point for future astrophysical biosignature gas research.     

典型的—天

在一个与世隔绝的世界里待上105天,生活会是什么样子呢？常人难以想象。而通过“Mars-500”前期试验的志愿者的日志,却能获知他们在试验过程中每天都做些什么？试验之余又如何寻找生活的乐趣？因此．本刊特选载志愿者西里尔·富尼耶于2009年6月23日在封闭模拟舱内写的一篇日志,以帮助大家了解志愿者在模拟舱内的真实生活。