耐高温复合材料的现状及展望

研究了耐高温复合材料,希望创立一类在高温条件下仍具有工作能力的新型材料。所研究的复合材料包括陶瓷一陶瓷、陶瓷一金属、金属一金属。本文综述了各种耐高温复合材料研究所获得的一般结果,评价了它们的现状,提出了今后发展方向的建议。     

温度和速度对加炭黑氯丁胶与黄铜粘接性能的影响

本文研究了试验温度和速度对加炭黑氯丁胶与黄铜粘接性能的影响。结果表明:当不加硫磺氯丁胶样品与黄铜粘接时,在所有试验温度和速度下都出现界面破坏,且界面破坏能 Gi 随着试验温度的降低而增加,随着试验速度的增加而增加。当含有0.5份以上硫磺的氯丁胶样品与黄铜粘接时,在-10℃以上的所有试验温度和速度下都出现橡胶层的内聚力破坏,且内聚力破坏能 G_c 随着试验温度和硫含量的增加而减少。在较低硫含量的样品或较低试验温度时,G_c 随着剥离速度的增加而减小。这一现象可能是由于橡胶的应变诱导结晶所致。     

Psychological considerations of man in space: problems & solutions

With concrete plans for long duration flight taking form a new impetus is lent to preparing man for this hostile and unnatural environment. Cramped conditions, isolation from family and loved ones, work stress, fear, and incompatibility with fellow crew, are but a few of the problems suffered by astronauts and cosmonauts during their long missions in orbit about the earth.

Although criteria for selection of crew is one aspect of attacking the problem, it has not solved it Notwithstanding good selection, team combination, and counselling before flight, problems have still occurred with unwanted consequences. Incompatibility of team members, far from being the exception, has been frequent. This has been detrímental both physiologically and psychologically for the individual as well as for the operational success and safety of the missions.

Because problems will inevitably occur in future long duration missions, especially when they are of international and multi-cultural nature, the importance of dealing with them is underlined. This paper takes a different approach towards ameliorating these problems, namely that of psychological group training before a mission.     

Survival of rock-colonizing organisms after 1.5 years in outer space

Cryptoendolithic microbial communities and epilithic lichens have been considered as appropriate candidates for the scenario of lithopanspermia, which proposes a natural interplanetary exchange of organisms by means of rocks that have been impact ejected from their planet of origin. So far, the hardiness of these terrestrial organisms in the severe and hostile conditions of space has not been tested over extended periods of time. A first long-term (1.5 years) exposure experiment in space was performed with a variety of rock-colonizing eukaryotic organisms at the International Space Station on board the European EXPOSE-E facility. Organisms were selected that are especially adapted to cope with the environmental extremes of their natural habitats. It was found that some-but not all-of those most robust microbial communities from extremely hostile regions on Earth are also partially resistant to the even more hostile environment of outer space, including high vacuum, temperature fluctuation, the full spectrum of extraterrestrial solar electromagnetic radiation, and cosmic ionizing radiation. Although the reported experimental period of 1.5 years in space is not comparable with the time spans of thousands or millions of years believed to be required for lithopanspermia, our data provide first evidence of the differential hardiness of cryptoendolithic communities in space.     

装有重新设计燃料泵的YLR87-AJ-5火箭发动机涡轮泵瞬态试验及有关推进设备

试验目的已经达到了。两次试验是以抽吸侧脉动情况下作的,另一次试验是在排泄侧脉动情况下作的。重新设计燃料泵瞬态试验结果与产品燃料泵试验结果作了比较。从分析大力神Ⅱ纵向振动有关参数和减少纵向振动角度来看,比较起来,重新设计的泵显示出此产品泵有更显著的优越性。分析采用重新设计燃料泵对总系统的影响时,必须联系氧化剂系统。     

磁带机的颗粒噪声功率谱

本文介绍磁带机噪声功率谱的理论求解公式,算出的理论值与实验数据完全一致。     

Exploration and protection of Europa's biosphere: implications of permeable ice

Europa has become a high-priority objective for exploration because it may harbor life. Strategic planning for its exploration has been predicated on an extreme model in which the expected oceanic biosphere lies under a thick ice crust, buried too deep to be reached in the foreseeable future, which would beg the question of whether other active satellites might be more realistic objectives. However, Europa's ice may in fact be permeable, with very different implications for the possibilities for life and for mission planning. A biosphere may extend up to near the surface, making life far more readily accessible to exploration while at the same time making it vulnerable to contamination. The chances of finding life on Europa are substantially improved while the need for planetary protection becomes essential. The new National Research Council planetary protection study will need to go beyond its current mandate if meaningful standards are to be put in place.     

飞行试验鉴定用的测量、控制和估计的新方法

现代导弹武器系统飞行试验鉴定中所用的制导系统的精度不断提高,促使西部导弹航天试验中心关心和要求采用新的测量、控制和精度估计方案。由于采用了在相位(即距离)域采集和处理雷达多卜勒测量值的方法,外测精度和估计精度比起传统的在频率(即距离变化率)域进行测量有了很大的提高。这种多卜勒技术已经用到了C波段雷达上,但也可以应用到其它系统,尤其是GPS系统。通过应用测量噪声去相关方法,消除了控制和估计功能间的相互影响,从而实现了每一种功能的各自独立优化。采用了在数字计算中具有极好数值特性的平方根估计算法,确保了充分发挥愈益精确的测量设备和制导系统的潜力。这里所介绍的已在西试验中心得到了检验的方法,预期在未来的试验鉴定工作中将发挥重大的作用。     

小型科学卫星的地面站

为使小型科学卫星计划的总费用保持低水平,必须尽量降低地面站操作和支持费用。不仅要求操作和支持本身低费用,还要求地面站硬件以及与卫星任务有关的软件的开发也如此。Rutherford Appleton实验室(RAL)最近在IRAS和AMPTE国际卫星工程的经验已证明利用国家小型设施可以实现低费用目标。本文介绍了RAL的设施以及研究软/硬系统模块化、可靠性和少量高水平专业操作人员的不同关系而降低成本的各种方法。