Solar particle events and the International Space Station

The high inclination orbit for the International Space Station poses a risk to astronauts on EVA during occasional periods of enhanced high energy particle flux from the sun known as Solar Particle Events. We are currently unable to predict these events within the few-hour lead time required for evasive action. Compounding the threat is the fact that station construction occurs during increasing solar activity and through the peak of the solar cycle. In this paper we present an overview of the risk, the current methods to provide forecasts of SPEs, and potential risk mitigation options.     

Metabolic assessments during extra-vehicular activity

Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) has a significant role during extended space flights. It demonstrates that humans can survive and perform useful work outside the Orbital Space Stations (OSS) while wearing protective space suits (SS). When the International Space Station 'Alpha' (ISSA) is fully operational, EVA assembly, installation, maintenance and repair operations will become an everyday repetitive work activity in space. It needs new ergonomic evaluation of the work/rest schedule for an increasing of the labor amount per EVA hour. The metabolism assessment is a helpful method to control the productivity of the EVA astronaut and to optimize the work/rest regime. Three following methods were used in Russia to estimate real-time metabolic rates during EVA: 1. Oxygen consumption, computed from the pressure drop in a high pressure bottle per unit time (with actual thermodynamic oxygen properties under high pressure and oxygen leakage taken into account). 2. Carbon dioxide production, computed from CO2 concentration at the contaminant control cartridge and gas flow rate in the life support subsystem closed loop (nominal mode) or gas leakage in the SS open loop (emergency mode). 3. Heat removal, computed from the difference between the temperatures of coolant water or gas and its flow rate in a unit of time (with assumed humidity and wet oxygen state taken into account). Comparison of heat removal values with metabolic rates enables us to determine the thermal balance during an operative medical control of EVA at "Salyut-6", "Salyut-7" and "Mir" OSS. Complex analysis of metabolism, body temperature and heat rate supports a differential diagnosis between emotional and thermal components of stress during EVA. It gives a prognosis of human homeostasis during EVA. Available information has been acquired into an EVA data base which is an effective tool for ergonomical optimization.     

先进发射系统使用的通用发动机概念及降低成本的途径

讨论通用发动机设计概念及其在运载火箭上的应用，对发动机计划成本和成本节约进行估算，并与助推级、芯级独立使用发动机的设计和研制相比较。     

超长薄壁带台阶筒体的旋压工艺

超长薄壁带台阶筒体在其加工上有较大难度 ,是适合用强力旋压加工完成的典型零件。通过工艺攻关 ,制作旋压工装 ,确定旋压方式、旋压方案、合理的旋压参数 ,旋压出了合格的筒体制件。该工艺方法已运用于正常的批量生产 ,制件精度良好 ,符合所有要求。     

FRP固体火箭发动机壳体的非线性FW线型分析

对纤维增强复合材料（FRP）固体火箭发动机壳体的纤维缠绕（FW）线型进行了简要地分析。鉴于封头曲面上FW线型稳定性对于线型参数变化十分敏感，分析封头FW线型时，本文仍从测地线方面来考虑。依此，两赤道圆处FW角必须以左右封头几何尺寸及测地线FW条件来确定。在对筒身段非测地线FW可行性讨论中，提出了筒身段实现非测地线FW的条件，同时推导出了筒身段非测定地线FW运动控制的一般数学模型。     

降低NEPE推进剂燃速的途径探讨

通过对NEPE推进剂燃烧表面的热平衡分析，指出了影响推进剂燃速的3个因素：“嘶嘶”区（fizz）的温度梯度、凝聚相反应热和燃面温度，提高了降低NEPE推进剂燃速的可能途径，研究了某些燃速降速剂的作用及其对推进剂能量的影响。用实验证明了降低燃速几个途径的可行性。     

下一代导航星—GPS ⅡF

本文概述了下一代全球定位系统（GPS）的空间和地面部分，详细介绍了GPS Block ⅡF项目，GPS ⅡF项目包括：购买33颗卫星，运行和对新一代GPS卫星的地面控制部分提供支持。该项目采用改进的捕获技术来发展和部署新的导航星，包括保障设备和软件，文章中介绍了GPS导生的信号功率，精度和民用服务等性能的改善，并结合GPS ⅡF系统的适应性，使系统性能得到提高。并对GPS ⅡF的构成进行详细描述。     

星光折射航天器自主定轨方案比较

当星光透射大气发生折射时 ,用星光折射角精确地反映星光在大气中离地球表面的高度 ,并建立高度、航天器与地球的几何关系。通过对折射角进行观测 ,间接测得地平 ,从而改善了用地平仪直接测地平所造成的航天器自主导航精度低的不足。本文提出了几种利用星光折射的航天器自主定轨方案 ,并作了细致的仿真实验 ,对直接和间接两种测量地平方法以及几种星光折射自主定轨方案进行了分析比较。     

机动反面导弹拦截随机分析

在弹道导弹防御和海上防御作战中，对机动反面导弹的拦截可表述为一个信息欠缺、零和（一 方得益，另一方受损）和追逃为其特点的博奕问题。在这场博奕中，逃逸导弹受到强制约束。假如来袭导弹的有关信息掌握得很全面，但仍未获得成功的防空拦截效果，那只能说明此类信息完备型博奕问题的解是采取混合战略。盲眼反面导弹在设计上具有按照随机机动指令序列进行机动飞机的性能。拦截导弹的制导规律包含有一个偏差，它可以部分补偿在获得令人满意的决定性拦截效果方面存在的能力不足，并得到拦截成功的非零概率。此外，该防御系统必须适时发射拦截导弹，即于来袭之面导弹的随机选定初始段开始发射。本文还就对作为上述作战背景情况下的诸参数的一个函数－拦截导弹成功概率进行评估的新技术作了介绍。     

动态测量系统的逆系统设计

为了从测量信号中恢复出原始的物理信息 ,需要设计动态测量系统的逆系统 ,以使整个系统的传递函数为 1。但对于非最小相位测量系统 ,简单的逆变换会引起系统不稳定 ,零相位误差算法的引入有效地解决了这个问题。文中以温度测量为例 ,对其进行反演 ,仿真表明结果真实可靠 ,方法具有一定的实用价值