“赫尔墨斯”推进系统设计

“赫尔墨斯”航天飞机是一种载人的、可重复使用的飞行器.它要用新的“阿里安”5发射到低地球圆形轨道和极轨道.当“赫尔墨斯”脱离“阿里安”5后,即机动飞行到其所要求的工作轨道上.讨论了两种入轨的推进概念:组合式可重复使用系统和分离式一次性使用系统.重点研究组合式系统.但也分析了一次性使用系统对本研究结果的影响.讨论了推进系统的基本流程图的设计步骤,并提出几种导致选择基本推进系统流程图的比较方案.示出了改变外形的最新“赫尔墨斯”对流程图的影响.     

天基雷达监视的系统最佳化技术

为了使天基监视雷达达到最高效能,必须考虑探测装置和系统的各种参数,它们相互间的关系,以及这些参数与整个系统性能之间的关系。视区与轨道高度有关,雷达波束照射的区域在视区内变化相当大。这会影响到虚警时间、相应的虚警数和所需的检测门限。为解决距离和速度模糊,脉冲多普勒雷达必须采用多种脉冲重复频率(PRF)。对每种PRF都要作一次试检测,所以有几种“n中有m”的检测方案。为保持系统检测输出概率和虚警时间为预定值,这些检测方案会影响到每次试检测所需的检测检率。这些因素和波形效率强烈地影响系统的总驻留时间和区域覆盖速率。波形效率与多普勒脉冲串的波形持续时间与双程传播时间的比值有关。同时使用了相干     

爆轰波-激波迎面作用后的稳定波系

本文为对当量比乙炔氧气混合气体中爆轰波与激波正面对撞产生稳定波系的实验和理论研究.实验主要以高速扫描摄影获取两波对撞的x-t纹影图,一维理论分析则基于三种热完全的组分求解两波对撞的稳定解并探寻它们的规律.实验发现透射波系包括一道激波和爆轰波,以及紧随爆轰波后的稀疏波区,这种波系情况与一维理论分析中CJ解一致.透射CJ爆轰与人射爆轰相比马赫数降低,而相对波前来流的传播速度有轻微提高,但在实验室坐标下其速度显著降低.透射波系受初始压强影响不大;初始温度提高使得爆轰波速度降低,而透射激波速度增加;对波系起实质影响作用的是入射激波强度,激波越强,则整个透射流场呈现偏向激波的趋势;理论分析还指出,稀疏波区的出现不可避免,当激波强度趋于声波时稀疏波区趋于消失,激波越强则疏波区趋于扩大.     

The biological effectiveness of HZE-particles of cosmic radiation studied in the Apollo 16 and 17 Biostack experiments

The Biostack experiments I and II were flown on board the Apollo 16 and 17 command modules in order to obtain information on the biological damage produced by the bombardment of heavy high-energy (HZE) particles of cosmic radiation during spaceflight. Such data are required for estimating radiation hazards in manned spaceflight. Seven biological systems in resting state (Bacillus subtilis spores, Colpoda cucullus cysts, Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, and eggs of Artemia salina, Tribolium castaneum and of Carausius morosus) were accommodated in the two Biostacks. By using a special sandwich construction of visual track detectors and layers of biological objects, identification of each hit biological object was achieved and the possible biological damage correlated with the physical features of the responsible HZE-particle. In the different systems the degree of damage depended on whether the hit cell was replaceable or not. A high sensitivity to HZE-particle bombardment was observed on Artemia salina eggs; 90% of the embryos, which were induced to develop from hit eggs, died at different developmental stages. Malformations of the abdomen or the extremities of the nauplius were frequently induced. In contrast, the growth of hit Vicia faba radiculae and the germination of hit Arabidopsis thaliana seeds and hit Bacillus subtilis spores were not influenced remarkably. But there was an increase in multicaulous plants and a reduction in the outgrowth of the bacterial spores. In addition, information was obtained on the fluence of the HZE-particles, on their spectrum of charge and energy loss, and on the absorption by the Apollo spacecraft and the Biostack material itself. This will help to improve knowledge concerning radiation conditions inside of spacecrafts, necessary to secure a maximum possible protection to the astronauts.     

设计有源滤波器的捷径

设计有源滤波器并不一定就是一件冗长乏味的工作。只要掌握住五类最通用的二阶有源滤波器函数的基本设计指标,便可毫不费力地设计出其中任何一类有源滤波器。这五类有源滤波器是:低通滤波器、高通滤波器、带通滤波器、带阻滤波器和全通滤波器。每类滤波器用电阻和电容作为无