Hydrothermal systems in small ocean planets

We examine means for driving hydrothermal activity in extraterrestrial oceans on planets and satellites of less than one Earth mass, with implications for sustaining a low level of biological activity over geological timescales. Assuming ocean planets have olivine-dominated lithospheres, a model for cooling-induced thermal cracking shows how variation in planet size and internal thermal energy may drive variation in the dominant type of hydrothermal system-for example, high or low temperature system or chemically driven system. As radiogenic heating diminishes over time, progressive exposure of new rock continues to the current epoch. Where fluid-rock interactions propagate slowly into a deep brittle layer, thermal energy from serpentinization may be the primary cause of hydrothermal activity in small ocean planets. We show that the time-varying hydrostatic head of a tidally forced ice shell may drive hydrothermal fluid flow through the seafloor, which can generate moderate but potentially important heat through viscous interaction with the matrix of porous seafloor rock. Considering all presently known potential ocean planets-Mars, a number of icy satellites, Pluto, and other trans-neptunian objects-and applying Earth-like material properties and cooling rates, we find depths of circulation are more than an order of magnitude greater than in Earth. In Europa and Enceladus, tidal flexing may drive hydrothermal circulation and, in Europa, may generate heat on the same order as present-day radiogenic heat flux at Earth's surface. In all objects, progressive serpentinization generates heat on a globally averaged basis at a fraction of a percent of present-day radiogenic heating and hydrogen is produced at rates between 10(9) and 10(10) molecules cm(2) s(1).     

Acoustic measurements of models of military style supersonic nozzle jets

Modern military aircraft jet engines are designed with variable-geometry nozzles to provide optimal thrust in different operating conditions, depending on the flight envelope. How- ever, acoustic measurements for such nozzles are scarce, due to the cost involved in making full- scale measurements and the lack of details about the exact geometries of these nozzles. Thus the present effort at Pennsylvania State University （PSU） in partnership with GE Aviation and the NASA Glenn Research Center is aiming to study and characterize the acoustic field produced by supersonic jets issuing from converging-diverging military style nozzles, and to identify and test promising noise reduction techniques. An equally important objective is to develop methodology for using data obtained from small- and moderate-scale experiments to reliably predict the full-scale engine noise. The experimental results presented show reasonable agreement between small-scale and medium-scale jets, as well as between heated jets and heat-simulated ones.     

Large eddy simulation of turbulent diffusion flame combustion using a conserved scalar methodology

The present paper describes an LES prediction of turbulent diffusion flame combustion in a simplified axi-symmetric combustor geometry.The calculations are carried out using a well-tested finite volume incompressible LES code which has been modified to handle variable density and reacting flows.The basic mixture fraction conserved scalar method is used with the chemical state relationships described by fast chemistry.The turbulence-chemistry interaction is modelled by a sub-grid PDF method and the PDF is assumed to follow a Beta-function shape.The LES predictions have been time-averaged over 3.5 flow-through times to generate the mean radial profiles of mixture fraction,product mass fraction,temperature,axial velocity and axial rms.The agreement of the LES predictions with the experimental data is good for all the above quantities at four different axial positions with largest differences at the first measurement plane.The LES method also provides information on the unsteady nature of turbulent diffusion combustion. For turbulent reacting flows with large density ratio,it was found necessary to use a relaxation method in order to remove unphysical high-frequency fluctuations and to maintain numerical stability.      

爆轰波-激波迎面作用后的稳定波系

本文为对当量比乙炔氧气混合气体中爆轰波与激波正面对撞产生稳定波系的实验和理论研究.实验主要以高速扫描摄影获取两波对撞的x-t纹影图,一维理论分析则基于三种热完全的组分求解两波对撞的稳定解并探寻它们的规律.实验发现透射波系包括一道激波和爆轰波,以及紧随爆轰波后的稀疏波区,这种波系情况与一维理论分析中CJ解一致.透射CJ爆轰与人射爆轰相比马赫数降低,而相对波前来流的传播速度有轻微提高,但在实验室坐标下其速度显著降低.透射波系受初始压强影响不大;初始温度提高使得爆轰波速度降低,而透射激波速度增加;对波系起实质影响作用的是入射激波强度,激波越强,则整个透射流场呈现偏向激波的趋势;理论分析还指出,稀疏波区的出现不可避免,当激波强度趋于声波时稀疏波区趋于消失,激波越强则疏波区趋于扩大.     

管道相连泄爆容器中粉尘爆炸的实验研究

采用管道相连容器进行了工业规模的粉尘爆炸实验,目的是研究粮食粉尘在管道相连的加工和输送工业设备中发生粉尘爆炸时火焰和爆炸压力的传播过程及粉尘的Kst值对爆炸的影响.实验装置为一个气力输送系统,由两个不同体积的容器通过管道连接构成.采用粮食工业上具有代表性的两类粉尘进行了粉尘爆炸测试,爆炸从一个容器中通过管道传播到另一个容器中并引发了随后的二次爆炸,测试了不同位置的火焰和压力信号.实验结果表明:即使在起爆容器采取了泄爆措施,管道中没有粉尘喷入的情况下,粉尘爆炸火焰也可沿管道传播达30m并引发二次爆炸;随着粉尘爆炸指数的增大,初始爆炸的猛烈程度增强,火焰传播速度加快,二次爆炸的猛烈程度也随之增强.     

波音787复合材料结构的修理问题

波音公司在波音787飞机上开创性地将复合材料的用量提高50%.其技术进步的同时也对复合材料的维修设计提出挑战.本文介绍了波音公司如何应对复合材料结构在机场损伤后的维修问题.     

一种新的动网格方法及其应用

 介绍了一种新型的动网格方法。该方法以Delauney图为基础进行整个网格的移动变形：首先是生成满足Delauney特性的Delauney图;然后把对网格移动的特性映射到Delauney图的移动上;最后把网格点在Delauney图以映射的方式进行重新定位而得到新的网格点坐标,从而得到移动后的网格。该方法不需要迭代,因而效率高,并且能适用于任意拓扑结构的网格。以翼身组合体的机翼颤振、翼身融合体的变体过程的非定常流动等为例来说明该方法的高效性及适用面广等特点。     

CUTTING TEMPERATURE OF CBN TOOLS WHEN MACHINING STEEL OF MEDIUM HARDNESS

ＣＵＴＴＩＮＧＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＯＦＣＢＮＴＯＯＬＳＷＨＥＮＭＡＣＨＩＮＩＮＧＳＴＥＥＬＯＦＭＥＤＩＵＭＨＡＲＤＮＥＳＳＣｈｅｎＷｕｙｉ１（陈五一）,ＤａｖｉｄＫ．Ａｓｐｉｎｗａｌ２,ＨａｎＳｈｕｗｅｎ３（韩书文）１ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉ...     

冕洞区SiⅡ辐射线源区的相关高度

SiⅡ辐射线源区的高度表征了太阳大气过渡区的底层高度．通过对超紫外线的辐射强度结构和无力场外推所得的三维磁场结构作相关分析来求相关高度是一种研究超紫外辐射线源区高度的新方法．有研究发现,该方法得到的冕洞区SiⅡ辐射线源区的高度比传统观点所认为的高．由于目前运用该方法的数据分析有限,需要用更多的数据进一步验证这一结果．运用该方法分析了SOHO/SUMER观测到的位于太阳南极冕洞之下的日面区域SiⅡ辐射线数据和美国National Solar Observatory/Kitt Peak(NSO/KP)测量的磁场数据,得到冕洞区SiⅡ辐射线源区的相关高度约为5．0Mm．该结果支持了冕洞区的过渡区底层高度比宁静区的要高的结论．同时发现了新的现象,并对其原因进行推测．     

三维平壁进气道的特性研究

介绍三维进气道和超声速燃烧冲压式喷气发动机 (SCRAMJET)模型一项实验研究的结果。Scramjet模型由进气道和燃烧室组成 ,此模型组件的设计是为了研究流动结构以获得进气道的特性 ,以及研究燃烧室和进气道、燃料 (氢及碳氢燃料 )点火和燃烧的相互影响。这些试验是在下吹式风洞(M =2 ～ 6,Reunit=( 8～ 54) × 1 0 6)和热射式风洞 (M =6及 7 2 ,Reunit =( 1 0 ～ 32 )× 1 0 6,Tt =1 50 0 ～ 2 50 0K)中进行的。