武器发射系统内弹道学

高温火箭燃气的排导一直是研制新的箱式发射系统的关键问题.发射架和舰艇需要用特殊的材料来防护.“标准”导弹垂直发射系统(VLS)的设计要求特别苛刻,因为导弹产生大量燃气.对内部燃气流穿过新导弹发射系统的分析一直是一个难题.例如穿过发射系统的强压力波就决定了机械强度的设计值.从高温燃气流来的紊流对流热传递,提供了发射系统的最大热输入,因此,要求为装运箱和发射架内表面设计防护材料.燃气流穿过系统时会发生复杂的不明的化学反应,从而使燃气的化学成份以及它的物质性质在每点各不相同.     

N—I运载火箭第一级数控系统的设计

N-I火箭是日本为开发宇宙而研制的带三个捆绑助推器的三级大型运载火箭,一、二级采用液体火箭发动机,第三级和助推器采用固体火箭发动机。火箭全长32.57米,直径2.44米,总重90.38吨,能将130公斤重的卫星送入同步轨道。它的制导系统采用了无线电制导。用它已发射了几颗卫星、见表1。     

用于大型固体推进剂火箭发动机的独特点火系统试验

本文介绍了用于大型固体推进剂火箭发动机的组合式无喷管、无壳体点火器方案的设计、分析及试验结果。该点火方案的主要优点是可以把60%左右的点火器消极重量变成药柱有效载荷。点火系统的主装药由点火器周围的发动机前段装药所构成。这段装药又是发动机推进剂药柱的一部分,设计成象一个小的低压无喷管火箭发动机,给主发动机推进剂段提供足够的压力和热流输出以实现发动机点火。前段推进剂的点火由一个比较小的径向排气的BKNO_3烟火剂药片点火器来实现。试验计划需验证三个方面的设计问题:     

数字航空信息系统中1兆比/秒电缆传输总线的设计和实验研究

本文讨论了用于数字航空信息系统机载数据总线中,作为信息传输介质的双绞电缆传输总线的硬件设计和实验方法。着重讨论了总线收发接口,总线电缆,脉冲变压器(耦合、隔离)等硬件的设计和实验。本系统设计主要依据MIL-STD-1553B标准,对其中有变动的部分,在文中加了说明。     

火箭发动点火器的MTV烟火药研究

本文叙述了 MTV(Magnesium-Teflon-Viton)烟火药的研究,其目的是为了研制和试验适用于火箭发动机点火器的配方。大量的热化学计算表明,组分比例和燃烧压力对 MTV 燃烧产物的热力学性能和组分有影响。用三种配方进行了热量、热分析、工艺和内弹道研究。配方中含有维通 A 4%及两种粒度的特氟隆。此配方满足密实要求。用压力范围在0.8～4.2MPa 的小型试验发动机进行管状药柱的点火试验。用含有镁58%MTV 的组分获得了非常良好的结果,其计算的燃烧产物中50%以上处于凝聚状态。在220 MPa 压力下这种密实的点火药的燃速定律为:γ(cm/sec)=1.69 P(MPa)~(0.22)在100 MPa 压力下密实,其燃速升高15%。用上述 MTV 烟火药制成的药柱进行了一系列的环境试验,并成功地用来点燃小型研究发动机及推进剂鉴定发动机。     

用X射线系统检测三叉戟火箭发动机

洛克希德公司研制了一种X射线实时显像系统,用于检测海军C4三叉戟固体火箭发动机。此法比普通X射线系统检测更完全、更均匀、效率高且费用明显降低。这一看法为生产三叉戟导弹第一级发动机的赛奥科尔公司、生产该导弹第二、三级发动机的赫克利斯公司和航空喷气战术系统公司的实验所证明。航空喷气公司利用该系统检测了陆军的霍克导弹发动机和海军通用动力标准导弹发动机。     

Individual differences in susceptibility to motion sickness among six Skylab astronauts

One of the Skylab experiments dealt with motion sickness, comparing susceptibility in the workshop aloft with susceptibility preflight and postflight. Tests were conducted on and after mission-day 8 (MD 8) by which time the astronauts were adapted to working conditions. Stressful accelerations were generated by requiring the astronauts, with eyes covered, to execute standardized head movements (front, back, left, and right) while in a chair that could be rotated at angular velocities up to 30 rpm. The selected endpoint was either 150 discrete head movements or a very mild level of motion sickness. In all rotation experiments aloft, the five astronauts tested (astronaut 1 did not participate) were virtually symptom free, thus demonstrating lower susceptibility aloft than in preflight and postflight tests on the ground when symptoms were always elicited. Inasmuch as the eyes were covered and the canalicular stimuli were the same aloft as on the ground, it would appear that lifting the stimulus to the otolith organs due to gravity was an important factor in reducing susceptibility to motion sickness even though the transient stimuli generated under the test conditions were substantial and abnormal in pattern. Some of the astronauts experienced motion sickness under operational conditions aloft or after splashdown, but attention is centered chiefly on symptoms manifested in zero gravity. None of the Skylab-II crew (astronauts 1 to 3) was motion sick aloft. Astronaut 6 of the Skylab-III crew (astronauts 4 to 6) experienced motion sickness within an hour after transition into orbit; this constitutes the earliest such diagnosis on record under orbital flight conditions. The eliciting stimuli were associated with head and body movements, and astronaut 6 obtained relief by avoiding such movements and by one dose of the drug combination 1-scopolamine 0.35 mg + d-amphetamine 5.0 mg. All three astronauts of Skylab-III experienced motion sickness in the workshop where astronaut 6 was most susceptible and astronaut 4, least susceptible. The higher susceptibility of SL-III crewmen in the workshop, as compared with SL-II crewmen, may be attributable to the fact that they were based in the command module less than one-third as long as SL-II crewmen. The unnatural movements, often resembling acrobatics, permitted in the open spaces of the workshop revealed the great potentialities in weightlessness for generating complex interactions of abnormal or unusual vestibular and visual stimuli. Symptoms were controlled by body restraint and by drugs, but high susceptibility to motion sickness persisted for 3 days and probably much longer; restoration was complete on MD 7. From the foregoing statements it is clear that on and after MD 8 the susceptibility of SL-II and SL-III crewmen to motion sickness under experimental conditions was indistinguishable. The role played by the acquisition of adaptation effects prior to MD 8 is less clear and is a subject to be discussed.     

Subatmospheric decompression: neurological and behavioural studies

Several studies in animals over the past decade have shown that prolonged exposures to pressures within the range 226 mm Hg to 160 mm Hg (30,000 to 37,500 ft) are likely to lead to brain damage. This often results in neurological and behavioural disturbance, which may be subtle and reversible or gross and ultimately fatal. The appearance of these impairments is often delayed until several hours or even days after exposure. Immediate survival does not necessarily ensure recovery. In contrast, decompression to pressures below 160 mm Hg or above 226 mm Hg are unlikely to have adverse effects if the exposure is survived. The most probable outcomes of such decompressions are death or uneventful recovery.     

Mineralogical biosignatures and the search for life on Mars

If life ever existed, or still exists, on Mars, its record is likely to be found in minerals formed by, or in association with, microorganisms. An important concept regarding interpretation of the mineralogical record for evidence of life is that, broadly defined, life perturbs disequilibria that arise due to kinetic barriers and can impart unexpected structure to an abiotic system. Many features of minerals and mineral assemblages may serve as biosignatures even if life does not have a familiar terrestrial chemical basis. Biological impacts on minerals and mineral assemblages may be direct or indirect. Crystalline or amorphous biominerals, an important category of mineralogical biosignatures, precipitate under direct cellular control as part of the life cycle of the organism (shells, tests, phytoliths) or indirectly when cell surface layers provide sites for heterogeneous nucleation. Biominerals also form indirectly as by-products of metabolism due to changing mineral solubility. Mineralogical biosignatures include distinctive mineral surface structures or chemistry that arise when dissolution and/or crystal growth kinetics are influenced by metabolic by-products. Mineral assemblages themselves may be diagnostic of the prior activity of organisms where barriers to precipitation or dissolution of specific phases have been overcome. Critical to resolving the question of whether life exists, or existed, on Mars is knowing how to distinguish biologically induced structure and organization patterns from inorganic phenomena and inorganic self-organization. This task assumes special significance when it is acknowledged that the majority of, and perhaps the only, material to be returned from Mars will be mineralogical.     

MX导弹喷管用先进材料评论 Ⅱ 第一级喷管的先进材料

本文是评论MX导弹喷管先进材料的三篇文章中的第二篇。第一篇文章于1977年4月在SAMPE季刊中发表(译文见“固体火箭技术”1978年第二期第99—105页),综述了MX导弹喷管对材料的要求,叙述了石墨材料的结构、性质和性能之间的关系。本文继续对MX的第一级和第二级发动机喷管所用先进材料进一步进行评价。