航天发动机用的钛合金壳体

自从60年代初期以来,6Al—4V钛合金就被广泛地用于航天发动机壳体。本文描述了钛合金火箭发动机壳体(其最小极限抗拉强度的设计值达到175,000磅/英寸~2。)从锻件到加工成产品的工艺制造过程。对设计经验和该产品独特的工艺控制过程,如热处理和金相检验,也给予评论。本文对钛合金压力容器的优点,如多次使用、推力向量校准以及附加法兰和部件易于组合等,都作了介绍。     

失谐叶片轮盘的减缩建模及动力响应预测方法

为解决高保真失谐叶盘计算量大的问题,提出了一种新的减缩建模及动力响应预测方法。该方法对叶盘单扇区有限元模型进行圆周对称分析,获取谐调叶盘在局部坐标系下的基本模态特性。同时,运用主节点的概念,仅对少量节点进行模态分析,在大大降低矩阵维度的同时获取准确的失谐模态特性。在动力响应预测分析时,利用失谐固有频率点处响应的基本特性,仅选取危险频段内、危险叶片上的危险节点进行响应分析计算,既极大地提高了运算效率,又能够准确地获取叶盘最大受迫响应幅值。实例分析结果表明:相较于传统的有限元方法,该方法中模态分析的求逆过程矩阵维度从150万下降到384,计算所得的前50阶固有频率的精度保持在0.005%以内,最大响应计算过程运算量下降超过99%时,仅存在-0.35%的误差。     

Resistance of bacterial endospores to outer space for planetary protection purposes--experiment PROTECT of the EXPOSE-E mission

Spore-forming bacteria are of particular concern in the context of planetary protection because their tough endospores may withstand certain sterilization procedures as well as the harsh environments of outer space or planetary surfaces. To test their hardiness on a hypothetical mission to Mars, spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 and Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 were exposed for 1.5 years to selected parameters of space in the experiment PROTECT during the EXPOSE-E mission on board the International Space Station. Mounted as dry layers on spacecraft-qualified aluminum coupons, the "trip to Mars" spores experienced space vacuum, cosmic and extraterrestrial solar radiation, and temperature fluctuations, whereas the "stay on Mars" spores were subjected to a simulated martian environment that included atmospheric pressure and composition, and UV and cosmic radiation. The survival of spores from both assays was determined after retrieval. It was clearly shown that solar extraterrestrial UV radiation (λ≥110?nm) as well as the martian UV spectrum (λ≥200?nm) was the most deleterious factor applied; in some samples only a few survivors were recovered from spores exposed in monolayers. Spores in multilayers survived better by several orders of magnitude. All other environmental parameters encountered by the "trip to Mars" or "stay on Mars" spores did little harm to the spores, which showed about 50% survival or more. The data demonstrate the high chance of survival of spores on a Mars mission, if protected against solar irradiation. These results will have implications for planetary protection considerations.     

Space-to-space Radio Interferometry System from Medium Earth Orbits

This paper presents a new concept to perform space-to-space Very Long Baseline Interferometry which enables the imaging of cosmic sources at high-resolution and high-sensitivity with small antennas. Several individual apertures are embarked on separate identical satellites staggered in height into Polar or Equatorial Circular Medium Earth Orbits (PECMEO orbits). These orbits are stable and allow GNSS-based on-the-fly centimeter-level relative positioning. Coherent operation is possible by exchanging local oscillator components and measured signals through Inter-Satellite Links (ISL). On-board cross correlation is performed at each satellite over a delay window compatible with the accuracy of the on-the-fly relative positioning and the result sent to the ground. Image reconstruction is completed on the ground thanks to sub-millimeter baseline retrieval from accurate GNSS orbits, ISL ranging and spacecraft attitude information. The application of this concept to image the Super Massive Black Hole Sgr A* is hinted.      

抗差自适应滤波在低轨飞行器INS/CNS/GNSS 组合导航中的应用

低轨飞行器对导航系统的稳定性要求较高,采用标准卡尔曼滤波的组合导航系统在异常扰动情况下会产生较大误差,严重影响低轨飞行器导航精度.在此前提下提出将抗差自适应滤波用于低轨飞行器导航系统,并基于该滤波器设计INS/CNS/GNSS组合导航.通过仿真实验对比验证抗差自适应滤波的有效性.     

新时期航空航天工业的标准战略

本文是荣获美国庆祝2004年世界标准日论文竞赛头奖的作品,中心内容是在新世纪航空航天工业如何在广泛国际合作,信息技术迅猛发展的环境下结合本行业的实际,制定并适时调整其标准战略。文中分析问题的方法,解决问题的思路具有某种普遍意义,现将该文详细摘译刊登于下,供参考。     

Chicxulub and climate: radiative perturbations of impact-produced S-bearing gases

We use one-dimensional (1D) atmospheric models coupled to a sulfate aerosol model to investigate climate forcing and short-term response to stratospheric sulfate aerosols produced by the reaction of S-bearing gases and water vapor released in the Chicxulub impact event. A 1D radiation model is used to assess the climate forcing due to the impact-related loading of S-bearing gases. The model suggests that a climate forcing 100 times larger than that from the Pinatubo volcanic eruption is associated with the Chicxulub impact event for at least 2 years after the impact. In particular, we find a saturation effect in the forcing, that is, there is no significant difference in the maximum forcing between the highest (approximately 300 Gt) and lowest (approximately 30 Gt) estimated stratospheric S-loading from the Chicxulub impact. However, higher S-loads increase the overall duration of the forcing by several months. We use a single column model for a preliminary investigation of the short-term climate response to the impact-related production of sulfate aerosols (the lack of horizontal feedbacks limits the usefulness of the single column model to the first few days after the impact). Compared with the present steady-state climate, the introduction of large amounts of sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere results in a significant cooling of the Earth's surface. A long-term climate response can only be investigated with the use of a three-dimensional atmospheric model, which allows for the atmospheric circulation to adjust to the perturbation. Overall, although the climate perturbation to the forcing appears to be relatively large, the geologic record shows no sign of a significant long-term climatic shift across the K/T boundary, which is indicative of a fast post-impact climatic recovery.     

压力指数对温度敏感性的影响

本文提出了一种发动机温度敏感系数的新表达式,该温度敏感系数可由燃速、特征速度和燃烧室压力与K_n的关系来确定。     

Pre-cometary ice composition from hot core chemistry

Pre-cometary ice located around star-forming regions contains molecules that are pre-biotic compounds or pre-biotic precursors. Molecular line surveys of hot cores provide information on the composition of the ice since it sublimates near these sites. We have combined a hydrostatic hot core model with a complex network of chemical reactions to calculate the time-dependent abundances of molecules, ions, and radicals. The model considers the interaction between the ice and gas phase. It is applied to the Orion hot core where high-mass star formation occurs, and to the solar-mass binary protostar system IRAS 16293-2422. Our calculations show that at the end of the hot core phase both star-forming sites produce the same prebiotic CN-bearing molecules. However, in the Orion hot core these molecules are formed in larger abundances. A comparison of the calculated values with the abundances derived from the observed line data requires a chemically unprocessed molecular cloud as the initial state of hot core evolution. Thus, it appears that these objects are formed at a much younger cloud stage than previously thought. This implies that the ice phase of the young clouds does not contain CN-bearing molecules in large abundances before the hot core has been formed. The pre-biotic molecules synthesized in hot cores cause a chemical enrichment in the gas phase and in the pre-cometary ice. This enrichment is thought to be an important extraterrestrial aspect of the formation of life on Earth and elsewhere.