Astrobiologically interesting stars within 10 parsecs of the sun

The existence of life based on carbon chemistry and water oceans relies upon planetary properties, chiefly climate stability, and stellar properties, such as mass, age, metallicity, and galactic orbits. The latter can be well constrained with present knowledge. We present a detailed, up-to-date compilation of the atmospheric parameters, chemical composition, multiplicity, and degree of chromospheric activity for the astrobiologically interesting solar-type stars within 10 parsecs of the Sun. We determined their state of evolution, masses, ages, and space velocities, and produced an optimized list of candidates that merit serious scientific consideration by the future space-based interferometry probes aimed at directly detecting Earthsized extrasolar planets and seeking spectroscopic infrared biomarkers as evidence of photosynthetic life. The initially selected stars number 33 solar-type within the total population (excluding some incompleteness for late M-dwarfs) of 182 stars closer than 10 parsecs. A comprehensive and detailed data compilation for these objects is still lacking; a considerable amount of recent data has so far gone unexplored in this context. We present 13 objects as the nearest "biostars," after eliminating multiple stars, young, chromospherically active, hard x-ray- emitting stars, and low metallicity objects. Three of these "biostars"-- Zeta Tucanae, Beta Canum Venaticorum, and 61 Virginis -- closely reproduce most of the solar properties and are considered as premier targets. We show that approximately 7% of the nearby stars are optimally interesting targets for exobiology.     

Adenine synthesis in interstellar space: mechanisms of prebiotic pyrimidine-ring formation of monocyclic HCN-pentamers

The question whether the nucleobases can be synthesized in interstellar space is of fundamental significance in considerations of the origin of life. Adenine is formally the HCN pentamer, and experiments have demonstrated that adenine is formed under certain conditions by HCN pentamerization in gas, liquid, and condensed phases. Most mechanistic proposals invoke the intermediacy of the HCN tetramer AICN (4), and it is thought that adenine synthesis is completed by addition of the 5(th) HCN to 4 to form amidine 5 and subsequent pyrimidine cyclization. In this context, we have been studying the mechanism for prebiotic pyrimidine-ring formation of monocyclic HCN-pentamers with ab initio electronic structure theory. The calculations model gas phase chemistry, and the results primarily inform discussions of adenine synthesis in interstellar space. Purine formation requires tautomerization of 5 to the conjugated amidine 6 (via hydrogen-tunneling, thermally with H(+) -catalysis, or by photolysis) or to keteneimine 7 (by photolysis). It was found that 5-(N'-formamidinyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carbonitrile (6) can serve as a substrate for proton-catalyzed purine formation under photolytic conditions and N-(4-(iminomethylene)-1H-imidazol-5(4H)-ylidene)formamidine (7) can serve as a substrate for uncatalyzed purine formation under photolytic conditions. The absence of any sizeable activation barrier for the cyclization of 7 to the (Z)-imino form of 9H-adenine (Z)-2 is quite remarkable, and it is this feature that allows for the formation of the purine skeleton from 7 without any further activation.     

Lunar astrobiology: a review and suggested laboratory equipment

In October of 2005, the European Space Agency (ESA) and Alcatel Alenia Spazio released a "call to academia for innovative concepts and technologies for lunar exploration." In recent years, interest in lunar exploration has increased in numerous space programs around the globe, and the purpose of our study, in response to the ESA call, was to draw on the expertise of researchers and university students to examine science questions and technologies that could support human astrobiology activity on the Moon. In this mini review, we discuss astrobiology science questions of importance for a human presence on the surface of the Moon and we provide a summary of key instrumentation requirements to support a lunar astrobiology laboratory.     

一种应用在航天探测器上的二氧化碳两相回路热控系统冷凝器的设计优化

阿尔法磁谱仪中的轨迹探测器是探测空间反物质的核心探测器,它工作于由超流液氦冷却的超导磁体的中心,其正常运作需要体积小、散热及温控能力强的热控系统的支持,以应对国际空间站上复杂的太空热流环境及真空、微重力等因素.介绍了利用SINDA/FLUINT模拟方法,对轨迹探测器的热控系统冷凝器进行设计优化.     

Challenges for coring deep permafrost on Earth and Mars

A scientific drilling expedition to the High Lake region of Nunavut, Canada, was recently completed with the goals of collecting samples and delineating gradients in salinity, gas composition, pH, pe, and microbial abundance in a 400 m thick permafrost zone and accessing the underlying pristine subpermafrost brine. With a triple-barrel wireline tool and the use of stringent quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) protocols, 200 m of frozen, Archean, mafic volcanic rock was collected from the lower boundary that separates the permafrost layer and subpermafrost saline water. Hot water was used to remove cuttings and prevent the drill rods from freezing in place. No cryopegs were detected during penetration through the permafrost. Coring stopped at the 535 m depth, and the drill water was bailed from the hole while saline water replaced it. Within 24 hours, the borehole iced closed at 125 m depth due to vapor condensation from atmospheric moisture and, initially, warm water leaking through the casing, which blocked further access. Preliminary data suggest that the recovered cores contain viable anaerobic microorganisms that are not contaminants even though isotopic analyses of the saline borehole water suggests that it is a residue of the drilling brine used to remove the ice from the upper, older portion of the borehole. Any proposed coring mission to Mars that seeks to access subpermafrost brine will not only require borehole stability but also a means by which to generate substantial heating along the borehole string to prevent closure of the borehole from condensation of water vapor generated by drilling.     

Some Properties of Microwave Emission From Flaring Regions

A study is made of the differences in the polarization distribution and other characteristics of microwave emission for several active regionswith high flare productivity. Conclusions are drawn about the magnetic field structure of these regions at coronal heights.      

发展中的电子战系统战略及支援技术

本文从系统叙述法出发,探讨当今和未来电子战所面临的关键性技术要求。这些要求受威胁预测及更高作战实用能力的需要制约。最终设计,通常要求系统设计师和工艺师相互合作,以满足性能、可靠性、可维护性,互通性和费用可负担方面的要求。系统设计师在要求提高综合性能和技术能力时,采用改进系统结构,掌握技术知识,提高封装技术和支援措施。技术专家为了提供先进的分系统,提高器件性能与能力,而增加集成度以提高生产能力。本文对目前和发展中的电子战系统的需求作了设想,并将这些需求与相应的微波分系统及技术要求联系起来逐一叙述。     

世界各国的气象卫星

迄今为止 ,美国、苏联 /俄罗斯、日本、欧空局、中国、印度等国家和组织共发射了 1 0 0多颗气象卫星。世界上第一颗气象卫星是美国的“泰罗斯”号。 1 960～ 1 965年间共发射了 1 0颗。该卫星系列云图分辨率不高 ,属试验型卫星。美国研制的第一代业务应用极轨气象卫星“艾萨号” ,于 1 966～ 1 969年共发射了 9颗。 1 980年起开始研制和发射第二代“诺阿”(ＮＯＡＡ)极轨气象卫星 ,至今已发展到第三代“泰罗斯Ｎ 诺阿”系列卫星。美国极轨气象卫星“诺阿”用两颗卫星组网 ,其中一颗上午发射 ,另一颗下午发射 ,这两颗卫星组网可以实现每 6小…     

Investigation on the Property of an EnergeticLeadless Combustion Catalyst Ba

含能无铅化合物Ba（NTO）     

单枪式彩色电视光阀投影器的新进展

这种新型的彩色电视光阀投影器包括:在密封真空管内部的受控变形液膜以及电子枪,一个外光源和投影物镜。它被用于诸如模拟,娱乐活动以及控制中心的大屏幕彩色电视中。这种型式的光阀投影器的不断发展导致了鉴别率、密封光阀寿命、较高的电视线标准,以及较高亮度等方面的改善。在彩色电视和黑白电视中,鉴别率的增加是由于精密光学技术的应用和利用了“光栅”调制器的新概念。密封光阀的寿命已由于阴极射线管、离子泵和液体的改进而延长到6500小时以上。单色光阀在1029条电视线标准下的操作己经完成,而且看来单枪彩色投影器推进到这一界限的前景良好。最近的实验表明了利用附加的变形透镜和将“扁”画幅的图形信号供给投影器,以产生彩包或单色的“大屏幕”画幅的现实性。将讨论这些投影器在模拟和其它方面的应用。