用于同步轨道确定的地面站天线指向性能

本文给出了雷杜站跟踪欧空局ECS-1和OTS-2通信卫星所得近一年的角跟踪数据进行精度鉴定的结果。可从另一个地面站得到另外的测距数据的时间内,可以以较高的精度直接测出这些误差。测得的角误差代入相应的解析式中,就可以预测用类似跟踪系统对于其他同步轨道任务的定轨精度。     

毫米波雷达的原理与应用(一)

历来最为流行的雷达工作频率都在电磁频谱上约300兆赫和35千兆赫之间,这一区域基本上包括了特高频和超高频段。然而,除远程超视距雷达以外,大多数现代雷达都工作在特高频段的高端,更为可能的是工作在超高频段的某些频率上,典型值在1千兆赫和35千     

可延伸喷管出口锥的缩比级间分离加载试验

级间分离试验的目的是改善关于在收叠位置的可延伸喷管出口锥(以下简称“ENEC”)在级分离期间的受载情况予测。缩比的固体火箭试验发动机系统带有收叠的 ENEC 和模拟级间分离的试验设备。海平面实验数据由发动机的短时间静态点火中获得。试验测到的点火瞬变状态和初始条件被输入到计算机编码,以模拟级间分离影响,用于与试验数据进行比较。结果表明,级间段平均压力、发动机推力,以及两级的相对轴向位移相当接近。测量的级间压力峰值高于计算值10%,作用在 ENEC 内外表面上的最大平均压力差是5磅/英寸~2。在缩比的级间分离环境中,通过 ENEC 载荷和级间压力的明显波动,指出了与气体流动现象有关 ENCE重要的动态加载条件。     

喷管进口和喉道几何形状对固体火箭发动机比冲的影响

本文介绍在火箭喷管进口和喉道区域计算完全耦合的燃气——粒子混合物流场的计算机化模型。定常态的燃气流场是作为长时间渐近解计算的,而粒子流场是假定准定常流来计算。对于超音速燃气粒子流场,这一模型则与特征线法结合进行计算。计算表明喷管进口角度、喷管喉道曲率半径比、喉道尺寸以及粒子大小对比冲的影响。文中也介绍了一些发动机试验数据的比较。     

Hydrothermal simulation experiments as a tool for studies of the origin of life on Earth and other terrestrial planets: a review

The potential of life's origin in submarine hydrothermal systems has been evaluated by a number of investigators by conducting high temperature-high pressure experiments involving organic compounds. In the majority of these experiments little attention has been paid to the importance of constraining important parameters, such as the pH and the redox state of the system. This is particularly revealed in the apparent difficulties in interpreting experimental data from hydrothermal organic synthesis and stability studies. However, in those cases where common mineral assemblages have been used in an attempt to buffer the pH and redox conditions to geologically and geochemically realistic values, theoretical and experimental data seem to converge. The use of mineral buffer assemblages provides a convenient way by which to constrain the experimental conditions. Studies at high temperatures and pressure in the laboratory have revealed a number of reactions that proceed rapidly in hydrothermal fluids, including the Strecker synthesis of amino acids. In other cases, the verification of postulated abiotic reaction mechanisms has not been possible, at least for large molecules such as large fatty acids and hydrocarbons. This includes the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction. High temperature-high pressure experimental methods have been developed and used successfully for a long time in, for example, mineral solubility studies under hydrothermal conditions. By taking advantage of this experimental experience new and, at times, unexpected directions can be taken in bioorganic geochemistry, one being, for instance, primitive two-dimensional information coding. This article critically reviews some of the organic synthesis and stability experiments that have been conducted under simulated submarine hydrothermal conditions. We also discuss some of the theoretical and practical considerations that apply to hydrothermal laboratory studies of organic molecules related to the origin of life on Earth and probably also to the other terrestrial planets.     

人机环境系统中CFD的研究

 采用ＣＦＤ技术对人机环境系统中的一个典型问题——飞机空调座舱的舒适性进行了数值模拟,建立了相应的数值模拟方法,扩展了原有算法。数值模拟的成功,充分展示了ＣＦＤ技术在人机环境系统中的作用与可能带来的效益。     

评定运载火箭成本的TRANSCOST模型及其应用

首先介绍评定运载火箭的研制和发射成本的解析模型的结构,着重讨论评定使用成本的新方法,并引入众多参数来修正模型.尔后以“阿里安”4后继型为例,讨论用于未来系统分析和成本比较的模型,分析了采用10种不同方案的可贮低温燃料两级火箭的研制和发射成本.欧洲未来运载火箭系统的关键是要最佳解决有限的研制费用与期望的最低发射成本之间的矛盾.多次使用系统能使发射成本大为降低,但研制费用较大.基于实际参数的成本解析模型能为选择运载火箭方案提供重要的信息.     

Survival of Bacillus pumilus spores for a prolonged period of time in real space conditions

To prevent forward contamination and maintain the scientific integrity of future life-detection missions, it is important to characterize and attempt to eliminate terrestrial microorganisms associated with exploratory spacecraft and landing vehicles. Among the organisms isolated from spacecraft-associated surfaces, spores of Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 exhibited unusually high resistance to decontamination techniques such as UV radiation and peroxide treatment. Subsequently, B. pumilus SAFR-032 was flown to the International Space Station (ISS) and exposed to a variety of space conditions via the European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF). After 18 months of exposure in the EXPOSE facility of the European Space Agency (ESA) on EuTEF under dark space conditions, SAFR-032 spores showed 10-40% survivability, whereas a survival rate of 85-100% was observed when these spores were kept aboard the ISS under dark simulated martian atmospheric conditions. In contrast, when UV (>110?nm) was applied on SAFR-032 spores for the same time period and under the same conditions used in EXPOSE, a ～7-log reduction in viability was observed. A parallel experiment was conducted on Earth with identical samples under simulated space conditions. Spores exposed to ground simulations showed less of a reduction in viability when compared with the "real space" exposed spores (～3-log reduction in viability for "UV-Mars," and ～4-log reduction in viability for "UV-Space"). A comparative proteomics analysis indicated that proteins conferring resistant traits (superoxide dismutase) were present in higher concentration in space-exposed spores when compared to controls. Also, the first-generation cells and spores derived from space-exposed samples exhibited elevated UVC resistance when compared with their ground control counterparts. The data generated are important for calculating the probability and mechanisms of microbial survival in space conditions and assessing microbial contaminants as risks for forward contamination and in situ life detection.     

Microbial fuel cells applied to the metabolically based detection of extraterrestrial life

Since the 1970s, when the Viking spacecrafts carried out experiments to detect microbial metabolism on the surface of Mars, the search for nonspecific methods to detect life in situ has been one of the goals of astrobiology. It is usually required that a methodology detect life independently from its composition or form and that the chosen biological signature point to a feature common to all living systems, such as the presence of metabolism. In this paper, we evaluate the use of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for the detection of microbial life in situ. MFCs are electrochemical devices originally developed as power electrical sources and can be described as fuel cells in which the anode is submerged in a medium that contains microorganisms. These microorganisms, as part of their metabolic process, oxidize organic material, releasing electrons that contribute to the electric current, which is therefore proportional to metabolic and other redox processes. We show that power and current density values measured in MFCs that use microorganism cultures or soil samples in the anode are much larger than those obtained with a medium free of microorganisms or sterilized soil samples, respectively. In particular, we found that this is true for extremophiles, which have been proposed as potential inhabitants of extraterrestrial environments. Therefore, our results show that MFCs have the potential to be used for in situ detection of microbial life.     

The Mawrth Vallis region of Mars: A potential landing site for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission

The primary objective of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission, which will launch in 2011, is to characterize the habitability of a site on Mars through detailed analyses of the composition and geological context of surface materials. Within the framework of established mission goals, we have evaluated the value of a possible landing site in the Mawrth Vallis region of Mars that is targeted directly on some of the most geologically and astrobiologically enticing materials in the Solar System. The area around Mawrth Vallis contains a vast (>1?×?10? km2) deposit of phyllosilicate-rich, ancient, layered rocks. A thick (>150?m) stratigraphic section that exhibits spectral evidence for nontronite, montmorillonite, amorphous silica, kaolinite, saponite, other smectite clay minerals, ferrous mica, and sulfate minerals indicates a rich geological history that may have included multiple aqueous environments. Because phyllosilicates are strong indicators of ancient aqueous activity, and the preservation potential of biosignatures within sedimentary clay deposits is high, martian phyllosilicate deposits are desirable astrobiological targets. The proposed MSL landing site at Mawrth Vallis is located directly on the largest and most phyllosilicate-rich deposit on Mars and is therefore an excellent place to explore for evidence of life or habitability.