MX导弹喷管用先进材料评论 Ⅲ 第二级喷管的先进材料

这是评论MX导弹喷管先进材料的连载第三篇文章。根据空军系统司令部的空间导弹系统组织的F07401—73—C—04223合同,航空喷气固体推进公司进行了本文所述的工作。计划包括喷管设计的选择和要求满足MX ADP(Advanced DeveloPment Program)目的的有关技术。本文概述了材料筛选试验、阐述选择材料的原则、所选择材料的性能、缩比尺寸喷管点火试验的结果和用于全尺寸试验的石墨喷管部件的说明等。     

用伺服控制系统改善无源原子频率标准的振动性能

把尺寸小、予热快和功耗低的铷气泡频率标准用作现时和近期战术频率标准看来是最好的选择,但它在振动环境下的性能尚有待改进。在铷频率标准中可以观察到振动引起的频率不稳定现象。本文要说明的是把压控晶体振荡器(VCXO)的频率紧密地伺服控制在原子谐振基准频率上的方法,来改善铷频率标准的振动性能。对有关机械化的技术问题作了简短的讨论,给出了伺服系统带宽约为100Hz的铷频率标准的实测相位谱密度     

PMA与OEM的竞争加剧

在过去10年,独立的PMA件供应商提供的零部件在80亿美元的零备件市场仅占5％的份额。PMA件的运用也引起了原设备制造商(OEM)的注意。其中价格问题引人注目。盈利的关键应当是如何保持低成本,而不是提高价格     

未来攻击机机械系统综合控制

文章对未来攻击机通用系统实现数字化控制和监测进行说明，使用这一系统的目的在于：1）减小重量和减少与常规系统相关的发动机起 功率因子，2）减小飞行员工作负荷；3）提高维护性。4）提高生存性。5）降低用户费用，本文通过对与通用系统连接的分布式处理器和数据终端的研究来阐述系统设计的各种方法，目前，研究表明两个目标已实现，而且效果明显，例如：在双发攻击机上，能使100kg重量减小大约50％；飞行员工作负荷可以减小1／4。     

晶体振荡器老化自动测量设备

已经研制出一种能够对大量恒温振荡器进行测试的多通道高精密老化测量设备,其频率基准是溯源于美国国家计量局(NBS)。为了能自动地工作,数据的采集是用计算机进行控制。作者认为生产这种老化测量系统以下几点是必须具备的。1.罗兰—C/DTF 用的振荡器频率标准;2.直流电源母线的设计;3.测量技术与开关技术;4.大量谐振器的自动老化。     

批检发动机试车燃速计算精度的影响因素

大西洋研究公司提出了一种分析批检发动机燃速的计算机方法,该法揭示了工业上常用的数据测量方法的一些缺点,这些缺点增加了固体推进剂燃速测定的误差。造成燃速测定误差或不准确性的因素是:浇铸芯子的偏心度;芯子和壳体的不圆度,相应环境温度条件下药柱的变形;推进剂硫化时的收缩;测定燃烧终止的误差;测定燃烧开始的误差;压力测定的误差。除了上述误差因素外,大西洋研究公司发现,除非排除推力测量误差、喷管喉径测量误差、推进剂重量测量误差、药柱长度测量误差等一系列的误差,否则该方法的高精度的潜力就不可能完全实现。     

Early renal changes in 45 degrees HDT rats

Background: Both microgravity and simulated microgravity models, such as the 45HDT (45 degrees head-down tilt), cause a redistribution of body fluids indicating a possible adaptive process to the microgravity stressor. Understanding the physiological processes that occur in microgravity is a first step to developing countermeasures to stop its harmful effects, i.e., (edema, motion sickness) during long-term space flights. Hypothesis: Because of the kidneys' functional role in the regulation of fluid volume in the body, it plays a key role in the body's adaptation to microgravity. Methods: Rats were injected intramuscularly with a radioactive tracer and then lightly anesthetized in order to facilitate their placement in the 45HDT position. They were then placed in the 45HDT position using a specially designed ramp (45HDT group) or prone position (control group) for an experimental time period of 1 h. During this period, the 99mTc-DTPA (technetium-labeled diethylenepentaacetate, MW=492 amu, physical half-life of 6.02 h) radioactive tracer clearance rate was determined by measuring gamma counts per minute. The kidneys were then fixed and sectioned for electron microscopy. A point counting method was used to quantitate intracellular spaces of the kidney proximal tubules. Results: 45HDT animals show a significantly (p=0.0001) increased area in the interstitial space of the proximal tubules. Conclusions: There are significant changes in the kidneys during a 1 h exposure to a simulated microgravity environment that consist primarily of anatomical alterations in the kidney proximal tubules. The kidneys also appear to respond differently to the initial periods of head-down tilt.     

Electrophysiological, histochemical, and hormonal adaptation of rat muscle after prolonged hindlimb suspension

The perspective of long-duration flights for future exploration, imply more research in the field of human adaptation. Previous studies in rat muscles hindlimb suspension (HLS), indicated muscle atrophy and a change of fibre composition from slow-to-fast twitch types. However, the contractile responses to long-term unloading is still unclear. Fifteen adult Wistar rats were studied in 45 and 70 days of muscle unweighting and soleus (SOL) muscle as well as extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were prepared for electrophysiological recordings (single, twitch, tetanic contraction and fatigue) and histochemical stainings. The loss of muscle mass observed was greater in the soleus muscle. The analysis of electrophysiological properties of both EDL and SOL showed significant main effects of group, of number of unweighting days and fatigue properties. Single contraction for soleus muscle remained unchanged but there was statistically significant difference for tetanic contraction and fatigue. Fatigue index showed a decrease for the control rats, but increase for the HLS rats. According to the histochemical findings there was a shift from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism during HLS. The data suggested that muscles atrophied, but they presented an adaptation pattern, while their endurance in fatigue was decreased.     

使用连续流动法测量高氯酸铵表面积

1、引言为了予测复合固体推进剂的弹道性能,必须要知道推进剂中各组份的粒度或表面积。在塑料型推进剂的制造过程中固体粒子会发生机械破碎,尽管如此,仍发现高氯酸铵的初始表面积与推进剂的弹道性能有关。爆炸物研制公司(ERDE)测量高氯酸铵表面积的作法是采用以空气渗透法为基础的菲希尔(Fisher)筛分机。由于塑料型推进剂中使用的高氯酸铵的比表面积范围通常为1000～9000cm~2/cm~3(0.051～0.46m~2/g),因此,菲希尔法完全能满足这一要求。为了生产较高燃速的推进剂,爆炸物研制公司最近研究的推进剂配方中含有更细的高氯酸铵(9000～10000cm~2/cm~3)。在端羧基聚丁二烯和端羟基聚丁二烯两种橡胶型推进剂中,即     

2000年的数据存储器——数据存储技术发展趋势

据预测,2000年个人计算机处理速度将达100MIPS,半导体RAM容量将达1Gbyte,系统对于数据存储装置容量的要求将超过10Gbyte,数据率为100Mbyte/s,本文研究了为满足上述要求,磁盘及磁光盘需取得的进展,提出了两种假想系统配置。一种可能配置是使用每轴8片3.5英寸盘的磁盘驱动器。另一途径是使用磁光盘驱动器,由于其面密度更高,仅需1片3.5英寸盘即可满足容量要求。但要达到数据率要求和可同磁盘系统相比拟的存取时间,尚需有某些技术突破。如果没有这些突破,并假定磁盘能取得预期的进展,则磁光盘估计会提供今天的软盘所具有的某些功能——在系统之间传送程序和数据库,以及经济的脱机存储。