泛探雷达：一个实施构想

1 前言 当代信号处理结合采用数字波束形成的相控阵技术，就能够开发一种重要的新雷达类型，这类雷达能够在覆盖空间范围内提供连续和不间断的多功能性能。泛探雷达的中心思想是“随时探测各处”（任何时间、任何空间）。最初于1998年给出概述并发表在1999年IEEE雷达会议录中，它要求在“针束状”窄波束连续接收信号的同时，发射波束又照射着宽广的覆盖空间范围。在覆盖空间内或时间上都没有间隙，这样就能在最早时间探测到所有的目标并开始跟踪。从概念上讲，该技术兼备监视、跟踪和武器控制。     

液体火箭发动机的热结构复合材料

20多年来,火箭工程设计人员一直在研究耐高温、抗氧化陶瓷材料的应用可能性,但是这些材料的主要缺点是易碎和抗热壅塞性差.目前工业用碳陶瓷和陶瓷-陶瓷结构复合材料具有很好的弹性和很强的抗热壅塞性能,这重新引起了人们制造高温火箭发动机复合材料部件的兴趣.这类新材料目前正由欧洲动力装备公司(SEP)生产,其名为SEPCARB和CERASEP,它们具有独特的热和机械性能,可以取代难熔金属而应用于可贮存二元推进剂火箭发动机的整体式喷管和推力室.装有这些部件的工艺发动机已经试验成功,从而为下一代火箭发动机的生产铺平了道路.     

军事星中的铷和石英频标准的性能数据——在模拟太空环境中地检和实际轨道中

航天计划中将增加原子频标的使用，以获得精确的时间和稳定的频率。ＧＰＳ系统所具有的卓越的导航功能主要是由系统中采用的原子频标带来的，新一代的军事通信卫星（Ｍｉｓｔａｒ）载有我路复合铷原子频标以满足各种通讯才操作上的需要，第一颗军用通讯卫星，ＤＦＳ－１使用了事和石英晶体振荡器，第二颗军用通讯卫星，１９９５年发射的ＤＦＳ－２，是第一颗使用铷原子频标的军用通讯卫星，这以后发射的卫星都作用了铷原子频标。     

航天发动机用的低密度绝热层的研制

业已公认,减轻航天发动机的消极重量是十分必要的。其中的一项措施是研制和应用先进的复合材料发动机壳体,如计划于八十年代初期发射的MAGE欧洲远地点发动机所做的那样。但是,通过降低壳体内绝热层材料密度,还可以进一步降低发动机消极重量。由于认识到了这样做的必要性,从而开展了本文所述的新型低密度橡胶复合材料的研制工作。这些橡胶材料,大体上都以三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)为基体,以石棉为填料,以过氧化物为固化剂,适用于装丁羧推进剂和丁羟推进剂的发动机。所述的研制计划除研究了配方技术,调整热性能、烧蚀性能和力学性能以满足发动机要求外,还研究了加工工艺的最佳化,包括易于固化以及和壳体推进剂的粘接性能。     

一种改进的推进剂燃速预示方法

把Beckstead-Derr-Price(BDP)模式用于推进剂燃速计算，文中对燃速预测的某些改进使计算的结果更为合理。对单规格AP－HTPB推进剂，为计算方便起见与方中只采用了单一规格的平均粒度的AP，所预测的燃速值与文献[2]中的实验结果进行了比较，其间良好吻合。     

Ll—CFAR—一种灵活的鲁棒设计

本文介绍一种新的恒虚警率（ＣＦＡＲ）处理器。Ｌｌ－ＣＦＡＲ通过对参考集排列样本线性滤波来形成其噪声功率估值；但是，这一组合的权值不仅仅取决于排列，而且还取决于样本与测试单元的相对接近程度。这类Ｌｌ－ＣＦＡＲ中有些能有效检查假目标；有些可以在有杂波边缘时对虚警进行令人信服的控制；而另一些则对这两种不均匀性均具有鲁棒性。当设计中含有这些方案时，它们执行起来不比普通序列统计ＣＦＡＲ（ＯＳ－ＣＦＡＲ）累赘     

Effects of unilateral selective hypergravity stimulation on gait

The purpose of this work is to analyse the neural mechanisms of human motor perturbations induced by dynamic changes in gravity. A unilateral selective hypergravity stimulation (USHS) was produced by stretching an elastic band between the right shoulder and foot. The consequences of the extensor muscle tone change due to the positioning (increased muscular loading) and to its removal (decreased muscular loading) by the elastic band were observed on motor gait skill. Gait spatio-temporal parameters (horizontal displacement of both feet) and lower limb functional length variations (efficiency of flexion and extension movements of the lower limbs) were measured. The latter measure was performed using a device specially designed for that purpose. The main results were: (1) during and after USHS, gait perturbations appeared on the left--the body side not directly stimulated, (2) just after the end of USHS, perturbations were present on the right (homolateral) side evidencing a post treatment effect which caused a decrease in functional shortening of the lower limb during extension and an increase of functional shortening of the lower limb during stance (opposite in sense to the modification observed during swing). Such results afford evidence that, in addition to vestibular receptors, the mechanoreceptors of extensor muscles are involved in determining the changes in motor skills observed at the beginning and at the end of space flights.     

Quantified EEG in different G situations

The electrical activity of the brain (EEG) has been recorded during parabolic flights in trained astronauts and non trained volunteers as well. The Fast Fourier analysis of the EEG activity evidenced more asymmetry between the two brain hemispheres in the subjects who suffered from motion sickness than in the others. However, such a FFT classification does not lead to a discrimination between deterministic and stochastic events. Therefore, a first attempt was made to calculate the dimensionality of "chaotic attractors" in the EEG patterns as a function of the different g-epochs of one parabola. Very preliminary results are given here.     

Autonomic regulation of circulation and cardiac contractility during a 14-month space flight

The space flight of physician cosmonaut V.V. Polyakov, the longest to date (438 days), has yielded new data about human adaptation to long-term weightlessness. Autonomic regulation of circulation and cardiac contractility were evaluated in three experiments entitled Pulstrans, Night, and Holter. In the Pulstrans experiment electrocardiographic (ECG), ballistocardiographic (BCG), seismocardiographic (SCG), and some other parameters were recorded. In the Night experiment, only the ballistocardiogram was recorded, but a special feature of this experiment is that the BCG records were obtained with a contactless method. This method has several advantages, the most important of which are the possibility of studying slow-wave variations in physiologic parameters (ultradian rhythms) on the basis of recordings made under standard conditions over a prolonged period. The Holter experiment (24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring) used a portable cardiorecorder (Spacelab, USA). The obtained electrocardiographic data were used to analyze heart rate variability. In the first 6 months of the 14-month flight, the dynamics of cardiovascular parameters in V.V. Polyakov was virtually the same as in the other cosmonauts. The data obtained after the first 6 months of Polyakov's sojourn in space are unique and mention should be made of at least three important aspects: (1) activation of a new, additional adaptive mechanism in the 8th-9th months of flight, as is evidenced by alterations in the periodicity and power of superslow wave oscillations (ultradian rhythms) reflecting the activity of the subcortical cardiovascular centers and of the higher levels of autonomic regulation; (2) growth of cardiac contractility accompanied by a decrease in heart rate during the last few months of flight; (3) a considerable increase in the daily average values of absolute power of heart rate's variability MF component, which reflects the activity of the vasomotor center. Specific mechanisms of adaptation to weightless conditions appear to be associated with activation of higher autonomic centers. The hypothesis that central levels of circulation regulation are activated in a long-term space flight was investigated by analyzing of ultradian rhythms in nighttime. The data, received during the flight of V. V. Polyakov, show, that the process of human adaptation to long influence of weightlessness consists of a number of consecutive stages, during which the activation of more and more high levels of control system of physiological functions occurs.     

人力资源以外的成本控制

多数有着航空背景的企业,通常考虑的是自己所熟悉的环节,孰不知评估业务中其他的成本因素,如土地征用费、公共费用、房屋租金等非航空因素,也会影响到企业的盈亏.