“北约”的目标识别系统

在热战中,飞机通常是以高速低空接近敌方点防御目标的。像“尾刺”这种现代化的防空武器可由一名士兵站在壕沟中发射,这种导弹上采用的先进的制导系统,能够使导弹导向并击落上述飞机。但是,哪架飞机是目标呢?这一问题对于射手来说是毫无准备、     

我参加美国环境科学学会1981年技术年会

应美国环境科学学会(I、E、S)的邀请,北京强度环境研究所和北京环境工程试验中心的三位同志参加了I、E、S第27届年会。北京强度环境研究所的黄友仙同志在会上宣读了技术论文“模拟瞬态环境的一种方法—快速扫描法”,受到与会者的欢迎。三位同志还在美国西部进行了参观访问。他们感到美国对环境试验工作相当重视。     

固体推进剂点火研究评论

为了确定固体推进剂点火的现有技术水平,本文对该领域的有关文献作了广泛评论,对各种点火理论、实验测量和点火准则作了详细评定研究。为易于进行比较,本文用易懂的表格形式概括了各项研究工作的情况,也讨论了各种重要参数对点火过程的影响。指出了主要技术难点,同时提出了进一步研究的建议。     

高压气动逻辑

引言“气动逻辑”能以多种形式和用普通原理来实现。“气动逻辑”是通过使用压缩空气而不是电作为动力,为工厂和设备提供类似继电器或固体电子逻辑的顺序闭锁和控制功能。“逻辑”要涉及到器件预先规定的操作和将闭锁线路表示为“逻辑图”的绘图习惯和符号。1.历史和发展逻辑线路曾用传统的运动充气组件(通常是与空气压缩设备相连的短管阀)组成,但这样的组件有很多的缺点,如:     

土星磁层顶的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性和磁流体表面波

本文采用可压缩磁流体力学近似并选取Voyager-1的观测数据,讨论了土星磁层顶的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性和磁流体表面波.计算表明,土星磁层随星体自转同磁鞘流之间的速度差,可以在地方时午前、中午和距中午不远的午后磁层顶激发不稳定性;午前和午后区有很强的非对称性.计算所得的波的特性与观测一致.      

M stars as targets for terrestrial exoplanet searches and biosignature detection

The changing view of planets orbiting low mass stars, M stars, as potentially hospitable worlds for life and its remote detection was motivated by several factors, including the demonstration of viable atmospheres and oceans on tidally locked planets, normal incidence of dust disks, including debris disks, detection of planets with masses in the 5-20 M() range, and predictions of unusually strong spectral biosignatures. We present a critical discussion of M star properties that are relevant for the long- and short-term thermal, dynamical, geological, and environmental stability of conventional liquid water habitable zone (HZ) M star planets, and the advantages and disadvantages of M stars as targets in searches for terrestrial HZ planets using various detection techniques. Biological viability seems supported by unmatched very long-term stability conferred by tidal locking, small HZ size, an apparent short-fall of gas giant planet perturbers, immunity to large astrosphere compressions, and several other factors, assuming incidence and evolutionary rate of life benefit from lack of variability. Tectonic regulation of climate and dynamo generation of a protective magnetic field, especially for a planet in synchronous rotation, are important unresolved questions that must await improved geodynamic models, though they both probably impose constraints on the planet mass. M star HZ terrestrial planets must survive a number of early trials in order to enjoy their many Gyr of stability. Their formation may be jeopardized by an insufficient initial disk supply of solids, resulting in the formation of objects too small and/or dry for habitability. The small empirical gas giant fraction for M stars reduces the risk of formation suppression or orbit disruption from either migrating or nonmigrating giant planets, but effects of perturbations from lower mass planets in these systems are uncertain. During the first approximately 1 Gyr, atmospheric retention is at peril because of intense and frequent stellar flares and sporadic energetic particle events, and impact erosion, both enhanced, the former dramatically, for M star HZ semimajor axes. Loss of atmosphere by interactions with energetic particles is likely unless the planetary magnetic moment is sufficiently large. For the smallest stellar masses a period of high planetary surface temperature, while the parent star approaches the main sequence, must be endured. The formation and retention of a thick atmosphere and a strong magnetic field as buffers for a sufficiently massive planet emerge as prerequisites for an M star planet to enter a long period of stability with its habitability intact. However, the star will then be subjected to short-term fluctuations with consequences including frequent unpredictable variation in atmospheric chemistry and surficial radiation field. After a review of evidence concerning disks and planets associated with M stars, we evaluate M stars as targets for future HZ planet search programs. Strong advantages of M stars for most approaches to HZ detection are offset by their faintness, leading to severe constraints due to accessible sample size, stellar crowding (transits), or angular size of the HZ (direct imaging). Gravitational lensing is unlikely to detect HZ M star planets because the HZ size decreases with mass faster than the Einstein ring size to which the method is sensitive. M star Earth-twin planets are predicted to exhibit surprisingly strong bands of nitrous oxide, methyl chloride, and methane, and work on signatures for other climate categories is summarized. The rest of the paper is devoted to an examination of evidence and implications of the unusual radiation and particle environments for atmospheric chemistry and surface radiation doses, and is summarized in the Synopsis. We conclude that attempts at remote sensing of biosignatures and nonbiological markers from M star planets are important, not as tests of any quantitative theories or rational arguments, but instead because they offer an inspection of the residues from a Gyr-long biochemistry experiment in the presence of extreme environmental fluctuations. A detection or repeated nondetections could provide a unique opportunity to partially answer a fundamental and recurrent question about the relation between stability and complexity, one that is not addressed by remote detection from a planet orbiting a solar-like star, and can only be studied on Earth using restricted microbial systems in serial evolution experiments or in artificial life simulations. This proposal requires a planet that has retained its atmosphere and a water supply. The discussion given here suggests that observations of M star exoplanets can decide this latter question with only slight modifications to plans already in place for direct imaging terrestrial exoplanet missions.     

机载娱乐系统的常见问题

在空中服务日趋现代化的今天,对机载娱乐系统(IFE)提出了更高的要求。十年前,旅客在长途旅行的飞机上只能欣赏一些电影和音乐。而现在,旅客座椅背面的机载系统不仅可以提供大量的信息服务和娱乐项目(AVOD),而且可以根据个人喜好播放音频和视频、交互式游戏、发送和接收电子邮件、浏览互联网等。     

创新引领航空航天业未来

多年来,航空航天业一直是技术创新最为活跃的行业之一,在各平台和子系统的开发中取得了大量的科研成果。客观地说,航空航天业不仅是现代社会最具影响力的创新之源,而且是将这些科技成果转化为巿场竞争力的典范。在这些丰硕的创新成果中,以GPS、涡轮发动机、电传飞控和无人飞行器等为代表的技术创新,在推动工程技术进步,提高社会生产力的同时,也为企业创造了大量财富。在尚未完全走出经济危机的今天,重拾"创新"话题,对航空航天业的下一步发展将十分必要。据此,美国《航空周刊与空间技术》杂志的一些资深编辑与美国一家称为CRA的全球性咨询机构组成了一个团队,围绕这个话题进行了为期4个月的采访和调查,其对象既包括像雷神公司、波音公司、EADS这样的行业巨头,也有以技术创新先锋著称的洛克希德·马丁公司的"臭鼬"工作队和波音公司的"鬼怪"工作队,还有美国空军和一些富于创新精神的大学实验室等。我们相信,梳理并归纳他们的言论与思想,对正在努力跻身于世界航空之林的中国航空业会有所启迪。     

战斗机市场兴旺促使发动机竞争加剧

美国战斗机发动机销售减少和市场萎缩几年后,最近似乎处于平稳地回弹.据工业界最新的保守估计,今后10～15年里将有1000台普惠公司的F100和GE公司的F110发动机销售到海外以用于美国的战斗机.这些销往欧洲、中东,也许还有亚洲许多国家的发动机可能包括500台用在F-15飞机上,300～500台用在F-16飞机上.为了竞争未来F-15的动力市场,GE公司于1996年在F-15E上完成了导至F110合格的飞行试验,而且在1997年12月初最后收到了美空军的合格证.GE     

航空维修培训的转变

随着新一代飞机、发动机投入运营,维修培训的方式发生了改变。航空维修培训更注重的是日常的维护,利用模拟器提高维修人员的系统集成和排故能力。航空维修培训的最终目的是提高飞机的可靠性,缩短停飞时间。