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381.
一、引言这篇报告回顾了过去二十年中卡尔曼滤波在姿态确定中的应用及发展,这一回顾不是面面俱到,而只限于适合于配有三轴陀螺仪及姿态传感器的航天器姿态的算法。我们认为这一种航天器系统是最适合于使用卡尔曼滤波的。卡尔曼滤波器使用了系统随时间变化的动态模型以及这样一种传感器测量模型,即基于当前以及以前的测量值利用线性估计器而获得系统状态的最高精度估计的测量模型。因此,从  相似文献   
382.
大型商用飞机发动机市场由GE、普惠和罗-罗三大发动机公司垄断,他们之间的竟争激烈,普惠公司在这一市场竞争中的实力有所削弱。GE公司在支线飞机动力市场竞争中处于优势,该公司的CF34取得了较多市场份额。涡桨发动机虽然在民用飞机动力市场的份额正在减少,但在军用教练机上仍有一定的市场。普惠公司的F119已投入小批量生产,F135也已被选用作JSF的动力  相似文献   
383.
在测量确定性或诊断性参数基础上,介绍了发生故障前在使用寿命的扩散分布过程中对剩余寿命评估的方法。在使用中当不能测量寿命(确定性)参数,但能测量某些诊断性参数(一个或几个),而这些参数能间接的反映了项目寿命的消耗时,那么必须进行预先研究适应于寿命(确定性)参数极限值的诊断性参数极限值,然后就能按照使用中测量的诊断性参数来预测该项目的剩余使用寿命。在这种情况下提出了剩余使用寿命预测的数学模型。  相似文献   
384.
储存在射频四极陷阱(Trap)中的199Hg离子在4O.5GHz频率时的超精细谐振,证明具有极窄的相对线宽,因而被选作为高精密的频率标准。引起该类频标频率变化的主要因素是因储存离子运动产生的二阶多普勒频移,采用少量低压气体作为背景,使运动的离子被致冷至300K所形成的离子云的密度几乎完全决定于伪电势与空间电荷力的平衡。我们发现在这种情况下,根据陷阱参数、温度和储存离子的总数和质量可以准确地计算出二阶多普勒频移。用氦作为致冷气体所进行的大量实验表明,由射频脉冲宽度限制的谱线宽度为0.85Hz。根据所观测到的谱线形状可以预计自然线宽将小于0.1Hz。采用闭环稳定储存离子数的方法,已能使测得的二阶多普勒频移达n×10~(-13)量级。  相似文献   
385.
许多采用石英晶体的电子器件都工作在容易受到辐照的环境中。因此,研究辐照对石英晶体的影响是很重要的。我们在本文中指出,热致发光技术可以作为研究这个问题的一种好方法。我们将介绍在15—300°K温度范围内测量到的热致发光。已经分别获得Y切石英片各生长区(即+X、-X、+Z、-Z)的测量结果。该石英片是从未经扫描处理的电子级人造石英Y切生长棒上切割下来的。在这项工作中,我们首次发现在72°K、80°K、87°K和104°K时有很清晰的辉光峰。我们认为,在室温下经过X射线(50千伏、17毫安的白辐射)予辐照之后,仅仅出现在+X生长区(即135°K、162°K、178°K)的辉光峰可能与[Al_e_+]°中心有关。在+Z区样品中高于104°K的辉光峰完全不同于在+X区样品中看到的情况。在这个温度范围的所有辉光峰都随着室温下予辐照剂量的增大而逐渐减弱。从本文介绍的测量结果可以看出,一个或多个辉光峰相应于各个生长区存在的某种缺陷,而且它们的热致发光强度比例于石英中所含缺陷的密度。  相似文献   
386.
387.
Sulfite reductases are key enzymes of assimilatory and dissimilatory sulfur metabolism, which occur in diverse bacterial and archaeal lineages. They share a highly conserved domain "C-X5-C-n-C-X3-C" for binding siroheme and iron-sulfur clusters that facilitate electron transfer to the substrate. For each sulfite reductase cluster, the siroheme-binding domain is positioned slightly differently at the N-terminus of dsrA and dsrB, while in the assimilatory proteins the siroheme domain is located at the C-terminus. Our sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the siroheme-binding domain shows that sulfite reductase sequences diverged from a common ancestor into four separate clusters (aSir, alSir, dsr, and asrC) that are biochemically distinct; each serves a different assimilatory or dissimilatory role in sulfur metabolism. The phylogenetic distribution and functional grouping in sulfite reductase clusters (dsrA and dsrB vs. aSiR, asrC, and alSir) suggest that their functional diversification during evolution may have preceded the bacterial/archaeal divergence.  相似文献   
388.
We review recent work that directly or indirectly addresses the habitability of terrestrial (rocky) planets like the Earth. Habitability has been traditionally defined in terms of an orbital semimajor axis within a range known as the habitable zone, but it is also well known that the habitability of Earth is due to many other astrophysical, geological, and geochemical factors. We focus this review on (1) recent refinements to habitable zone calculations; (2) the formation and orbital stability of terrestrial planets; (3) the tempo and mode of geologic activity (e.g., plate tectonics) on terrestrial planets; (4) the delivery of water to terrestrial planets in the habitable zone; and (5) the acquisition and loss of terrestrial planet carbon and nitrogen, elements that constitute important atmospheric gases responsible for habitable conditions on Earth's surface as well as being the building blocks of the biosphere itself. Finally, we consider recent work on evidence for the earliest habitable environments and the appearance of life itself on our planet. Such evidence provides us with an important, if nominal, calibration point for our search for other habitable worlds.  相似文献   
389.
Light is being used as a pre-launch countermeasure to circadian and sleep disruption in astronauts. The effect of light on the circadian system is readily monitored by measurement of plasma melatonin. Our group has established an action spectrum for human melatonin regulation and determined the region of 446-477 nm to be the most potent for suppressing plasma melatonin. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of 460 and 555 nm for suppressing melatonin using a within-subjects design. Subjects (N=12) were exposed to equal photon densities (7.18 x 10(12) photons/cm2/s) at 460 and 555 nm. Melatonin suppression was significantly stronger at 460 nm (p<0.02). An extension to the action spectrum showed that 420 nm light at 16 and 32 microW/cm2 significantly suppressed melatonin (p<0.04 and p<0.002). These studies will help optimize lighting countermeasures to circadian and sleep disruption during spaceflight.  相似文献   
390.
Based on the experiences made with the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) which was primarily deveoloped for long-term and multi-generation experiments with aquatic animals and plants in a space station highly effective fresh water recycling modules were elaborated utilizing a combination of ammonia oxidizing bacteria filters and higher plants. These exhibit a high effectivity to eliminate phosphate and anorganic nitrogen compounds and arc. in addidition. able to contribute to the oxygen supply of the aquatic animals. The C.E.B.A.S. filter system is able to keep a closed artificial aquatic ecosystem containing teleost fishes and water snails biologically stable for several month and to eliminate waste products deriving from degraded dead fishes without a decrease of the oxygen concentration down to less than 3.5 mg/l at 25 °C. More advanced C.E.B.A.S. filter systems, the BIOCURE filters, were also developed for utilization in semiintensive and intensive aquaculture systems for fishes. In fact such combined animal-plant aquaculture systems represent highly effective productions sites for human food if proper plant and fish species are selected The present papers elucidates ways to novel aquaculture systems in which herbivorous fishes are raised by feeding them with plant biomass produced in the BIOCURE filters and presents the scheme of a modification which utilizes a plant species suitable also for human nutrition. Special attention is paid to the benefits of closed aquaculture system modules which may be integrated into bioregenerative life support systems of a higher complexity for, e. g.. lunar or planetary bases including some psychologiccal aspects of the introduction of animal protein production into plant-based life support systems. Moreover, the basic reproductive biological problems of aquatic animal breeding under reduced gravity are explained leading to a disposition of essential research programs in this context.  相似文献   
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