The dynamics of blood biochemical parameters in cosmonauts during long-term space flights

Most of the previously obtained data on cosmonauts' metabolic state concerned certain stages of the postflight period. In this connection, all conclusions, as to metabolism peculiarities during the space flight, were to a large extent probabilistic. The purpose of this work was study of metabolism characteristics in cosmonauts directly during long-term space flights. In the capillary blood samples taken from a finger, by "Reflotron IV" biochemical analyzer, "Boehringer Mannheim" GmbH, Germany, adapted to weightlessness environments, the activity of GOT, GPT, CK, gamma-GT, total and pancreatic amylase, as well as concentration of hemoglobin, glucose, total bilirubin, uric acid, urea, creatinine, total, HDL- and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides had been determined. HDL/LDL-cholesterol ratio also was computed. The crewmembers of 6 main missions to the "Mir" orbital station, a total of 17 cosmonauts, were examined. Biochemical tests were carried out 30-60 days before launch, and in the flights different stages between the 25-th and the 423-rd days of flights. In cosmonauts during space flight had been found tendency to increase, in compare with basal level, GOT, GPT, total amylase activity, glucose and total cholesterol concentration, and tendency to decrease of CK activity, hemoglobin, HDL-cholesterol concentration, and HDL/LDL - cholesterol ratio. Some definite trends in variations of other determined biochemical parameters had not been found. The same trends of mentioned biochemical parameters alterations observed in majority of tested cosmonauts, allows to suppose existence of connection between noted metabolic alterations with influence of space flight conditions upon cosmonaut's body. Variations of other studied blood biochemical parameters depends on, probably, pure individual causes.     

惯性顶级固体进推剂的研制与鉴定

本文介绍了惯性顶级(IUS)固体火箭发动机用的丁羟推进剂及推进剂/包复层/绝热层界而系统的研制情况及生产历程;介绍了根据发动机设计要求选择推进剂配方的情况和推进剂的主要性能;还介绍了研制期间对配方和工艺的某些小的修改及修改原因。本文亦讨论了推进剂/包复层/绝热层的界面系统,包括包复层化学的主要特性和控制迁移现象以提高粘结系统的完整性的方法。     

用作推进剂组份的丁二烯与二茂铁衍生物共聚的端羟基共聚物

本文介绍了乙烯基二茂铁与丁二烯的共聚物及其制备方法。当从偶氮—双—(2——甲基——5——羟基——戊腈),偶氮一双——(羟乙基——2——甲基丙酸酯)和偶氮——双——(2——甲基——3——羟基——丙腈)偶氮类引发剂中,选择一种引发剂引发进行聚合时,在有机溶剂中生成共聚物。该共聚物可用作固体推进剂配方的粘合剂,并用来提高固体推进剂的燃速。     

小型、低成本、P波段机载双极化合成孔径雷达的设计

Wageningen大学和婆罗洲猩猩生存基金会（BOS）希望用一种小型、低成本、P波段机载双极化合成孔径雷达监视印度尼西亚森林的生物群。本文介绍了一台此种雷达设计方面的初步研究情况。确定应用要求，并根据要求得到主要的雷达参数。本文还介绍了基于商用货架元件的系统的初步设计。系统的几点新颖之处是：采用直接数字合成进行调制、采用双极化微带方形贴片（patch）天线以及系统的尺寸和功耗都降低了等。为了有助于SAR系统的计算和比较，开发了基于通用Matlab的SARCAL程序。本文还将阐述其原理和主要功能。     

CASH 2021: commercial access and space habitation

Issues about commercialization of space have been a growing concern in the past decade for the space community. This paper focuses on the work from a team of 51 students attending the Summer Session Program of the International Space University in Bremen, Germany. CASH 2021 (Commercial Access and Space Habitation) documents a plan that identifies commercial opportunities for space utilization that will extend human presence in space, and will chart the way forward for the next 20 years. The group selected four commercial sectors that show the most promise for the future: tourism, entertainment, space system service, assembly and debris removal, and research and development/production. The content of this document presents the results of their research. Historical activities in each of the commercial sectors are reviewed along with the current market situation. To provide a coherent background for future commercialization possibilities a scenario has been developed. This scenario includes a postulated upon ideal future and includes social, political and economic factors that may affect the space industry over the timeline of the study. The study also presents a roadmap, within the limited optimistic scenario developed, for the successful commercialization of space leading to future human presence in space. A broad range of commercially viable opportunities, not only within the current limits of the International Space Station, but also among the many new developments that are expected by 2021 are discussed.     

Evaluation of bleomycin-induced chromosome aberrations under simulated microgravity conditions in human lymphocytes using "FISH" techniques

In the present investigation we report the effects of simulated microgravity conditions (clinostat) on the induction of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro by (R) Bleomycin. Chromosomal aberrations have been analysed by means of fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and chromosome-specific composite DNA probes (chromosome painting). The results obtained show that, under simulated microgravity conditions, the levels of both symmetrical and asymmetrical (dicentrics, rings), the number of cells bearing "complex" aberrations and hence the total numbers of aberrations were significantly elevated at any of the dose-levels assayed, compared to the parallel treatments performed as 1g control ("ground"). Furthermore, the ratio symmetrical:asymmetrical translocations was markedly elevated under simulated microgravity conditions, compared to the findings usually observed under "normal" 1g conditions. On these bases, we are much inclined to believe that simulated microgravity, rather than limiting the resealing of DNA double strand breaks (DSB's) induced by genotoxic agents is influencing in terms of enhancement the misrejoining of DSB's which is actually responsible for the fixation of the original lesions to DNA into chromosomal aberrations. In addition, the possible different misrepair processes leading to the formation of symmetrical and asymmetrical translocations might be differentially influenced by microgravity being the symmetrical translocations significantly more represented.     

固体推进剂点火研究评述

为了确定最新的固体推进剂点火工艺,对有关点火方面的文献作了广泛的评述,严格地检查了各种点火理论、实验方法和点火准则,并以简明的表格形式进行了总结,便于对各种不同的研究作比较。讨论了各种重要参数对点火过程的影响,指出了技术上的主要不足之处,以及今后的研究方向。     

影响复合固体推进剂压力指数的诸因素的述评

近几十年来,推进剂系统的设计师们一直在关注着复合固体推进剂压力指数(n)的控制。本文讨论了影响此性能的各种因素及控制复合固体推进剂压力指数的各种方法。它们包括:(1)氧化剂的粒度、类型及含量;(2)金属类型;(3)氧化剂的包复;(4)弹道添加剂;(5)燃速调节剂及(6)粘合剂等影响。正如所预期的,这些方法均已用来调节压力指数,以适应特殊用途的战略和战术导弹所需的弹道性能。     

具有应变梯度的复合推进剂中裂纹扩展的特性

本文研究在具有应变梯度、填充密度大的复合推进剂中裂纹扩展的特性。采用中心有楔形裂纹的双轴试样。在室温、恒定十字头速度下进行试验。考虑了两种裂纹长度。通过分析试验数据来研究初始裂纹长度和非均匀总应变场对推进剂裂纹扩展特性的影响,还研究了测量裂纹长度所用时间间隔对裂纹扩展速率计算精度的影响。     

固体推进剂发动机的热贮存寿命

用概率计算方法计算了经受各种环境温度的固体推进剂火箭发动机的贮存寿命。在力学性能方面测定了粘弹效应、化学老化作用、累积损伤及统计变量。符号说明