Damage escape and repair in dried Chroococcidiopsis spp. from hot and cold deserts exposed to simulated space and martian conditions

The cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis, overlain by 3?mm of Antarctic sandstone, was exposed as dried multilayers to simulated space and martian conditions. Ground-based experiments were conducted in the context of Lichens and Fungi Experiments (EXPOSE-E mission, European Space Agency), which were performed to evaluate, after 1.5 years on the International Space Station, the survival of cyanobacteria (Chroococcidiopsis), lichens, and fungi colonized on Antarctic rock. The survival potential and the role played by protection and repair mechanisms in the response of dried Chroococcidiopsis cells to ground-based experiments were both investigated. Different methods were employed, including evaluation of the colony-forming ability, single-cell analysis of subcellular integrities based on membrane integrity molecular and redox probes, evaluation of the photosynthetic pigment autofluorescence, and assessment of the genomic DNA integrity with a PCR-based assay. Desiccation survivors of strain CCMEE 123 (coastal desert, Chile) were better suited than CCMEE 134 (Beacon Valley, Antarctica) to withstand cellular damage imposed by simulated space and martian conditions. Exposed dried cells of strain CCMEE 123 formed colonies, maintained subcellular integrities, and, depending on the exposure conditions, also escaped DNA damage or repaired the induced damage upon rewetting.     

The O/OREOS mission: first science data from the Space Environment Survivability of Living Organisms (SESLO) payload

We report the first telemetered spaceflight science results from the orbiting Space Environment Survivability of Living Organisms (SESLO) experiment, executed by one of the two 10?cm cube-format payloads aboard the 5.5?kg Organism/Organic Exposure to Orbital Stresses (O/OREOS) free-flying nanosatellite. The O/OREOS spacecraft was launched successfully to a 72° inclination, 650?km Earth orbit on 19 November 2010. This satellite provides access to the radiation environment of space in relatively weak regions of Earth's protective magnetosphere as it passes close to the north and south magnetic poles; the total dose rate is about 15 times that in the orbit of the International Space Station. The SESLO experiment measures the long-term survival, germination, and growth responses, including metabolic activity, of Bacillus subtilis spores exposed to the microgravity, ionizing radiation, and heavy-ion bombardment of its high-inclination orbit. Six microwells containing wild-type (168) and six more containing radiation-sensitive mutant (WN1087) strains of dried B. subtilis spores were rehydrated with nutrient medium after 14 days in space to allow the spores to germinate and grow. Similarly, the same distribution of organisms in a different set of microwells was rehydrated with nutrient medium after 97 days in space. The nutrient medium included the redox dye Alamar blue, which changes color in response to cellular metabolic activity. Three-color transmitted intensity measurements of all microwells were telemetered to Earth within days of each of the 48?h growth experiments. We report here on the evaluation and interpretation of these spaceflight data in comparison to delayed-synchronous laboratory ground control experiments.     

Validity and Sensitivity of a Brief Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT-B) to Total and Partial Sleep Deprivation

The Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) objectively assesses fatigue-related changes in alertness associated with sleep loss, extended wakefulness, circadian misalignment, and time on task. The standard 10-min PVT is often considered impractical in applied contexts. To address this limitation, we developed a modified brief 3-min version of the PVT (PVT-B). The PVT-B was validated in controlled laboratory studies with 74 healthy subjects (34 female, aged 22-45 years) that participated either in a total sleep deprivation (TSD) study involving 33 hours awake (N=31 subjects) or in a partial sleep deprivation (PSD) protocol involving 5 consecutive nights of 4 hours time in bed (N=43 subjects). PVT and PVT-B were performed regularly during wakefulness. Effect sizes of 5 key PVT outcomes were larger for TSD than PSD and larger for PVT than for PVT-B for all outcomes. Effect size was largest for response speed (reciprocal response time) for both the PVT-B and the PVT in both TSD and PSD. According to Cohen's criteria, effect sizes for the PVT-B were still large (TSD) or medium to large (PSD, except for fastest 10% RT). Compared to the 70% decrease in test duration the 22.7% (range 6.9%-67.8%) average decrease in effect size was deemed an acceptable trade-off between duration and sensitivity. Overall, PVT-B performance had faster response times, more false starts and fewer lapses than PVT performance (all p<0.01). After reducing the lapse threshold from 500 ms to 355 ms for PVT-B, mixed model ANOVAs indicated no differential sensitivity to sleep loss between PVT-B and PVT for all outcome variables (all P>0.15) but the fastest 10% response times during PSD (P<0.001), and effect sizes increased from 1.38 to 1.49 (TSD) and 0.65 to 0.76 (PSD), respectively. In conclusion, PVT-B tracked standard 10-min PVT performance throughout both TSD and PSD, and yielded medium to large effect sizes. PVT-B may be a useful tool for assessing behavioral alertness in settings where the duration of the 10-min PVT is considered impractical, although further validation in applied settings is needed.     

振动惯性加速度计（VIA）——一种高精度低成本的微型传感器

对于有标度因数精度要求的应用来说，振梁加速度计是一种很有吸引力的仪表。其工作原理基于：一个振动的梁在受到由加速度引起的压缩式拉伸的应力时其谐振频率将会改变。     

空间机械学术年会

空间机械学术年会于１９９９年８月１１－１６日在长春羽宏宾馆举行．会议有来自２０个单位的４０余名代表，共收到论文、报告２４篇．空间生命专业委员会主任委员、航天医学工程研究所总师魏金河同志应邀在会上做了报告．会议经过讨论，初步议定２０００年召开一次“空间挠性结构力学分析、计算、实验”方面的专题讨论会，由哈尔滨工业大学、西北工业大学、清华大学、５０１部、５０９所等单位的委员具体协调筹划．拟在镜泊湖哈工大专家招待所举行．同时确定２００１年学术年会及工作会议在苏州（或者无锡）举行，５０９所主要协办，具体时…     

Ambitious CASC In Airshow China 2006

The 6th China International Aviation and Aerospace Exhibition (Airshow China 2006) closed on November 5, 2006 after a successful week show. The 6-day Airshow China 2006, beginning from October 31, attracted over 550 aerospace and aviation companies from 33 countries and regions.     

三维特体绕流数值模拟中薄层模型的应用

介绍用于近似计算绕三维尖无粘流激波薄层的二层模型。本法以数值确定激波的位置。在计算不同结构形状物体的空气动力特性时能确定气体动力学载荷的近似值。采用这种方法实际上排除了超高速理论中其他已知方法对尖体几何形状所加的约束。     

美伊战后回顾4——没有发生的担心：城镇地区作战

在这次由英美联军独自发起的“自由伊拉克”（Operation lraqi Freedom）作战中，城镇地区作战所占比重极大。就传统军事教范观点来看，城镇地区作战向来被视为一项吃力不讨好的繁重任务，因为即便是攻击方拥有绝对战略主动优势，只要守方能够稳住阵脚，利用城镇地区现成的家屋和建筑物善加战场经营，就有机会在攻击者受限于城镇地区地形无法展开和情报受限的情况下造成对手惨重伤亡。从二战时葬送整个德国第六军团的斯大林格勒到让俄罗斯装甲纵队灰头土脸的车臣首府格罗兹尼，血淋淋的教训都明确验证了城镇地区作战的困难。     

利用卫星实现与飞行中巡航导弹的通信

本文讨论了与飞行中远程巡航导弹通信的需求以及卫星作为中继平台的潜力。国防卫星通信系统Ⅲ(DSCSⅢ）和舰队卫星通信（FLTSATCOM）星至少能够同时为70枚巡航导弹向水面舰只和陆基指挥中心传送200bit的状态信息。DSCSⅢ还可以同是为至少70枚巡航导弹提供准实时有人末制导支持（只要巡航导弹装有共影天线阵）。FLTSATCOM可以为2枚装有全向天线阵的巡航导弹提供相同的能力。这种能力包括传统末段敏感器图象数据，该图象数据的速率为每格每秒40kbits,取决于可实现的图象数据压缩比。本文还论述了指挥员利用这些系统重新瞄准新目标，允许一枚巡航导弹向地面传送一路末段敏感器图象。