关于固体推进剂燃烧不稳定性研究

本文介绍了英国火箭推进研究院进行固体推进剂燃烧不稳定性研究的工作计划。 文中讨论了数据采集和处理的技术,并例举了实用发动机燃烧的不稳定性。还描述了研究不稳定性的发动机和测量在振荡压力和速度条件下固体推进剂试样的燃烧速率系统。给出一些实测结果的例子。     

阿里安运载火箭推进系统的下一步改进

一、引论阿里安运载火箭下一步改进的目标是:——对于进入转移轨道的双星发射,有效载荷能力约增加20%(2×900公斤);——对于进入低轨道的重型卫星,可将有效载荷提高约50～100%(7～10吨);——降低每公斤有效载荷入轨的发射费用;——进一步发展可用于未来空间计划的技术。     

可延伸喷管出口锥的缩比级间分离加载试验

级间分离试验的目的是改善关于在收叠位置的可延伸喷管出口锥(以下简称“ENEC”)在级分离期间的受载情况予测。缩比的固体火箭试验发动机系统带有收叠的 ENEC 和模拟级间分离的试验设备。海平面实验数据由发动机的短时间静态点火中获得。试验测到的点火瞬变状态和初始条件被输入到计算机编码,以模拟级间分离影响,用于与试验数据进行比较。结果表明,级间段平均压力、发动机推力,以及两级的相对轴向位移相当接近。测量的级间压力峰值高于计算值10%,作用在 ENEC 内外表面上的最大平均压力差是5磅/英寸~2。在缩比的级间分离环境中,通过 ENEC 载荷和级间压力的明显波动,指出了与气体流动现象有关 ENCE重要的动态加载条件。     

喷管进口和喉道几何形状对固体火箭发动机比冲的影响

本文介绍在火箭喷管进口和喉道区域计算完全耦合的燃气——粒子混合物流场的计算机化模型。定常态的燃气流场是作为长时间渐近解计算的,而粒子流场是假定准定常流来计算。对于超音速燃气粒子流场,这一模型则与特征线法结合进行计算。计算表明喷管进口角度、喷管喉道曲率半径比、喉道尺寸以及粒子大小对比冲的影响。文中也介绍了一些发动机试验数据的比较。     

Is the presence of oxygen on an exoplanet a reliable biosignature?

We revisit the validity of the presence of O(2) or O(3) in the atmosphere of a rocky planet as being a biosignature. Up to now, the false positive that has been identified applies to a planet during a hot greenhouse runaway, which is restricted to planets outside the habitable zone (HZ) of the star that are closer to the star. In this paper, we explore a new possibility based on abiotic photogeneration of O(2) at the surface of a planet that could occur inside the HZ. The search for such a process is an active field of laboratory investigation that has resulted from an ongoing interest in finding efficient systems with the capacity to harvest solar energy on Earth. Although such a process is energetically viable, we find it to be a very unlikely explanation for the observation of O(2) or O(3) in the atmosphere of a telluric exoplanet in the HZ. It requires an efficient photocatalyst to be present and abundant under natural planetary conditions, which appears unlikely according to our discussion of known mineral photochemical processes. In contrast, a biological system that synthesizes its constituents from abundant raw materials and energy has the inherent adaptation advantage to become widespread and dominant (Darwinist argument). Thus, O(2) appears to continue to be a good biosignature.     

Optical search for extraterrestrial intelligence with Air Cerenkov telescopes

We propose using large Air Cerenkov telescopes (ACTs) to search for optical, pulsed signals from extraterrestrial intelligence. Such dishes collect tens of photons from a nanosecond-scale pulse of isotropic equivalent power of tens of solar luminosities at a distance of 100 pc. The field of view for giant ACTs can be on the order of 10 square degrees, and they will be able to monitor 10-100 stars simultaneously for nanosecond pulses of about 6th magnitude or brighter. Using the Earth's diameter as a baseline, orbital motion of the planet could be detected by timing the pulse arrivals.     

The natural cytotoxicity in cosmonauts on board space stations

The nature of the changes of resistance to infection seems to be very important. Our studies indicate that different functions of natural killers could be depressed after the spaceflight. The decrease of the percentage of the lymphocytes that can bind target cells lead to the lowering of the “active” NK level and this can be resulted in the depression of total NK activity and lowering of resistance to viral and tumor antigens. The investigation of natural killer cells in cosmonauts before and after short and long-term spaceflights also revealed the important role of spaceflight duration, stress and individual immune reactivity.     

A FINITE ELEMENT SOLVER FOR NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS VIA VORTICITY AND VELOCITY

INTRODUCTIONThe stationary incompressible Navier- Stokesequations in the primitive variables( velocity uand pressure p)- vΔu + u . u + p =f . u =0u =g　inΩinΩonΓ( 1 )whereΩ is a set of R2 ,Γ its boundary,v thekinematic viscosity of the fluid,f a field of givenbody forces,and g a given field defined onΓ sa-tisfying the global conservation property∫Γg . n =0 ( 2 )n denotes the unit outer normal vector toΓ.The vorticity- velocity system of Eq.( 1 ) ,byintroducing the vorticityω…     

话说HK-93发动机的研制

研制大型民用发动机的一些考虑在航空技术发展中遇到并加以解决的问题是各种各样的,但是,对于作为飞机发展首要因素的发动机来说,其经济性和推力的提高始终是最重要的问题.在最近的将来,在航空运输量增长的同时,飞机和发动机的可靠性也应提高,生态指标也应改善.在航空燃油日益紧缺、价格     

Abiotic nitrogen fixation on terrestrial planets: reduction of NO to ammonia by FeS

Understanding the abiotic fixation of nitrogen and how such fixation can be a supply of prebiotic nitrogen is critical for understanding both the planetary evolution of, and the potential origin of life on, terrestrial planets. As nitrogen is a biochemically essential element, sources of biochemically accessible nitrogen, especially reduced nitrogen, are critical to prebiotic chemistry and the origin of life. Loss of atmospheric nitrogen can result in loss of the ability to sustain liquid water on a planetary surface, which would impact planetary habitability and hydrological processes that shape the surface. It is known that NO can be photochemically converted through a chain of reactions to form nitrate and nitrite, which can be subsequently reduced to ammonia. Here, we show that NO can also be directly reduced, by FeS, to ammonia. In addition to removing nitrogen from the atmosphere, this reaction is particularly important as a source of reduced nitrogen on an early terrestrial planet. By converting NO directly to ammonia in a single step, ammonia is formed with a higher product yield (~50%) than would be possible through the formation of nitrate/nitrite and subsequent conversion to ammonia. In conjunction with the reduction of NO, there is also a catalytic disproportionation at the mineral surface that converts NO to NO? and N?O. The NO? is then converted to ammonia, while the N?O is released back in the gas phase, which provides an abiotic source of nitrous oxide.