Venus, Mars, and the ices on Mercury and the moon: astrobiological implications and proposed mission designs

Venus and Mars likely had liquid water bodies on their surface early in the Solar System history. The surfaces of Venus and Mars are presently not a suitable habitat for life, but reservoirs of liquid water remain in the atmosphere of Venus and the subsurface of Mars, and with it also the possibility of microbial life. Microbial organisms may have adapted to live in these ecological niches by the evolutionary force of directional selection. Missions to our neighboring planets should therefore be planned to explore these potentially life-containing refuges and return samples for analysis. Sample return missions should also include ice samples from Mercury and the Moon, which may contain information about the biogenic material that catalyzed the early evolution of life on Earth (or elsewhere). To obtain such information, science-driven exploration is necessary through varying degrees of mission operation autonomy. A hierarchical mission design is envisioned that includes spaceborne (orbital), atmosphere (airborne), surface (mobile such as rover and stationary such as lander or sensor), and subsurface (e.g., ground-penetrating radar, drilling, etc.) agents working in concert to allow for sufficient mission safety and redundancy, to perform extensive and challenging reconnaissance, and to lead to a thorough search for evidence of life and habitability.     

航天发动机用的低密度绝热层的研制

业已公认,减轻航天发动机的消极重量是十分必要的。其中的一项措施是研制和应用先进的复合材料发动机壳体,如计划于八十年代初期发射的MAGE欧洲远地点发动机所做的那样。但是,通过降低壳体内绝热层材料密度,还可以进一步降低发动机消极重量。由于认识到了这样做的必要性,从而开展了本文所述的新型低密度橡胶复合材料的研制工作。这些橡胶材料,大体上都以三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)为基体,以石棉为填料,以过氧化物为固化剂,适用于装丁羧推进剂和丁羟推进剂的发动机。所述的研制计划除研究了配方技术,调整热性能、烧蚀性能和力学性能以满足发动机要求外,还研究了加工工艺的最佳化,包括易于固化以及和壳体推进剂的粘接性能。     

The European space exploration programme: current status of ESA's plans for Moon and Mars exploration

After a large consultation with the scientific and industrial communities in Europe, the Aurora Space Exploration Programme was unanimously approved at the European Space Agency (ESA) Council at ministerial level in Edinburgh in 2001. This marked the start of the programme's preparation phase that was due to finish by the end of 2004. Aurora features technology development robotic and crewed rehearsal missions aimed at preparing a human mission to Mars by 2033. Due to the evolving context, both international and European, ESA has undertaken a review of the goals and approach of its exploration programme. While maintaining the main robotic missions that had been conceived during Aurora, the European Space Exploration Programme that is currently being proposed to the Aurora participating states and other ESA Member States has a reviewed approach and will feature a greater synergy with other ESA programmes. The paper will present the process that led to the revision of ESA's plans in the field of exploration and will give the current status of the programme.     

一种改进的推进剂燃速预示方法

把Beckstead-Derr-Price(BDP)模式用于推进剂燃速计算，文中对燃速预测的某些改进使计算的结果更为合理。对单规格AP－HTPB推进剂，为计算方便起见与方中只采用了单一规格的平均粒度的AP，所预测的燃速值与文献[2]中的实验结果进行了比较，其间良好吻合。     

石墨/环氧凯夫拉49纤维/环氧及混杂纤维复合材料的复合应力特性

为了表征纤维/环氧复合材料在复合应力作用下的力学性能,进行了一项实验研究。试样有两种:圆管和带有封头的圆筒形压力容器。它们均采用螺旋/环向(±α,90°)缠绕成型。本研究还分别对AS_4石墨纤维、凯夫拉纤维以及这两种混杂纤维/环氧迭层材料进行了试验。为了测定材料平面内力学性能,圆管试样承受了内压和超轴向载荷的作用。在与圆管试样对应的内压下,对压力容器也进行了试验,然后再做爆破试验以确定材料的极限强度。为了表征材料的时间相关特性,对试样进行了室温蠕变和回复试验。     

复合材料螺栓连接的强度分析

介绍了单孔及双孔复合材料螺栓连接的强度分析方法,并把单孔连接的分析结果与实验数据进行了比较。用该方法分析了双孔结构,确定提供最高连接能力的连接形式和载荷分配比例。该分析方法建立在有限无法与特性曲线理论及破坏准则相结合的基础上。单孔件非线性剪切模量模型与实验数据吻合较好。双孔件的交错排列比串列提供较高的连接能力。在最大连接载荷下,螺栓载荷分配是百分之38/62,各种双孔应力分析结果以等值线示出。     

人力资源以外的成本控制

多数有着航空背景的企业,通常考虑的是自己所熟悉的环节,孰不知评估业务中其他的成本因素,如土地征用费、公共费用、房屋租金等非航空因素,也会影响到企业的盈亏.     

用二阶矩两相湍流模型模拟鼓泡床内气泡—液体湍流两相流动

建立了二阶矩气液两相湍流模型，模拟了不同工况下二维矩形断面气液鼓泡床中气泡－液体湍流两相流动，给出了气泡和液体的速度场、气泡体积分数和两相雷诺应力分布，基本工况的模拟结果与美国俄亥俄州立大学PIV测量结果符合较好。文中研究了不同气体表观速度对两相流场的影响。模拟结果显示了鼓泡床内液体的回流流动和气泡的上升运动、各向异性的上湍流，气泡湍流脉动比液体的强，以及气泡体积分数和两相湍流强度随着气体表观速度的增大而增大等规律。     

测量GSRS导弹自旋和姿态的TMR处理技术

本报告详细叙述了用动目分辨(TMR)技术处理来自白沙靶场MPS-36,FPS-16测量雷达的数据,从而获得GSRS地-地导弹的成锥形运动和自旋运动测量值。处理了实际飞行试验数据,验证了这种技术。本文还叙述了为此编制并安装于白沙计算机的软件。     

利用GPS进行精密轨道确定

全球定位系统(GPS)完全布满卫星后,将成为近地卫星的精密轨道确定(POD)强有力的工具。该系统具有连续跟踪覆盖能力,不仅可实现传统的动力学精密轨道确定方法,而且还可进行运动学轨道确定。来自至少四个GPS卫星的伪距测量值,通过载波相位测量值的平滑,可测定天线相位中心的地心位置和用户卫星的时钟修正值,因而后一技术不需要用户卫星受力的动力学模型。运动学法对测量模型的影响非常敏感,如GPS星历误差(给定的或求解的)、信号的多径、接收机噪声等等;然而,动力学方法又受参数误差和/或力模型不完善的影响。为此研究出一种利用过程噪声补偿对运动学和动力学算法进行加权的混合方案。本课题的中心点是利用仿真辅以协方差分析,研究这几种定轨方法。建立了几种动力学和测量误差模型,这些模型造成的轨道不确定性与处理实际GPS数据而估计的星历误差大致相当。协方差分析经调整能反映这些误差,能看出各种滤波技术的特性。