用数字补偿法降低声表面波振荡器的温度灵敏度

本文介绍一种用数字补偿法降低声表面波振荡器温度灵敏度的方法。AT切石英声表面波振荡器的初步研究结果表明,在-13到+97℃温度范围内,频率的变化从191.7×10~(-8)减小到5.2×10~(-6)。主要特点是在同一基片上使用两个延迟电路。第一延迟电路被调节来与声表面波具有低温灵敏度的方位保持一致。借助于反馈回路的振荡,该电路提供更精确的频率和时钟。第二延迟电路被调节来与声表面波具有高温灵敏度的方位保持一致,并通过其振荡频率起测温器件的作用。利用直接安放在基片上的温度表,把热接触和时间常数问题减到最小,从而得到准确的温度传感。温度表的频率(温度的一种直接量度)是递减计数,以便给预先校准好的只读存贮器提供地址。在每一温度上均在ROM的数据线上产生一个保持稳定时钟频率所需要的移相器控制字,然后送到电子可变移相器。     

固体火箭发动机点火期间的瞬态流动

本文用处理流体动力学方程的计算机程序研究燃烧室中的非稳态流场、并对计算值和试验值作了比较。压力首先在燃烧室尾部上升,随后在头部上升,头、尾两区域间的压力差可能引起推进剂药柱的快速位移(爆裂效应)或过早的破坏。本文介绍了该分析方法应用于一个典型发动机的情况。     

巨型运输机给机场带来的难题

为新一代大型飞机制定机场规划并不比25年前第一架宽体飞机引入时对机场的改造更容易。现代机场更有能力适应地面处理使用600～800座飞机后所带来的地面操作方面的改变。但是,在许多方面所面临的限制也比70年代初时要多。机场管理者为迅速回收机场扩建费用要承受更大的压力,因为纳税人越来越不愿意为改造机场付钱。噪声规定更加严格,城市的延伸问题比当年B747诞生时更为严重。     

跨音速翼型激波的被动控制(英文)

本文提出了在超临界流中减弱翼型激渡的方法。通过数值求解定常跨音速流的无粘、小扰动方程,根据实心翼型或多孔翼型的边界条件,获得了相应的压力分布。比较这两种情况下的压力分布后可以看到,在相当大的M数范围内,多孔冀型出现向后缘逐渐再压缩,未出现强激波。这与人们熟知的超临界翼型的最优化只有在非常接近设计M数和迎角时才是有效的这一事实相反。给定M数和迎角时,可利用计算的多孔翼型的压力分布,来产生外形类似于超临界翼型的实心翼型的压力分布。     

美国陆军导弹高级制导系统的新进展

一九七八年,美国陆军导弹司令部开始进行一项艰巨的研究任务——为未来的导弹发展一种高级制导系统。为了对付具有二十世纪九十年代以及更远时期预计特性的目标,满足当时战场环境所强加的严格要求和约束条件,设想该系统要“远远超越”目前正在研制的各种系统。本文对此课题重新作了详细说明,并且介绍了最新的发展研究规划。同时,还对迄今已经取得的各种成果作了评述,特别是在以下各个方面:目前正用来分析和模拟导弹及其制导系统的各种数学模型;空气动力学;推进系统;正在研究与分析的各种导引规律;扰动调节控制的发展状况;定位与跟踪目标的信号处理和数字化设计方法研究。本文最后一节还列举了得到合同承包者支持的各种未来计划。     

Human missions to Mars: new psychological challenges and research issues

Human exploratory missions to Mars represent the most exciting future vision of human space flight. With respect to the distance to travel and mission duration, these missions will provide unique psychological challenges that do not compare to any other endeavor humans ever have attempted. The present paper presents outcomes of two recent projects sponsored by the European Space Agency--Humex and Reglisse--where these challenges and risks have been analyzed in some detail, and where concepts for future research have been developed. This presentation involves three steps. At first, it will be shown that our current psychological knowledge derived from orbital spaceflight and analogue environments is not sufficient to assess the specific risks of mission into outer space. Secondly, new psychological challenges of missions to Mars will be identified with respect to three different areas: (1) individual adaptation and performance, (2) crew interactions, and (3) concept and methods of psychological countermeasures. Finally, different options and issues of preparatory psychological research will be discussed.     

Energy cycling and hypothetical organisms in Europa's ocean

While Europa has emerged as a leading candidate for harboring extraterrestrial life, the apparent lack of a source of free energy for sustaining living systems has been argued. In this theoretical analysis, we have quantified the amount of energy that could in principle be obtained from chemical cycling, heat, osmotic gradients, kinetic motion, magnetic fields, and gravity in Europa's subsurface ocean. Using reasonable assumptions based on known organisms on Earth, our calculations suggest that chemical oxidation-reduction cycles in Europa's subsurface ocean could support life. Osmotic and thermal gradients, as well as the kinetic energy of convection currents, also represent plausible alternative sources of energy for living systems at Europa. Organisms thriving on these gradients could interact with each other to form the complex energy cycling necessary for establishing a stable ecosystem.     

固体推进剂火箭发动机中氧化铝粒子产生的内辐射热

利用蒙特卡罗法计算了氧化铝粒子柱状云的发射率。通过由麦椰理论得出的散射相函数来反映各向异性散热的影响。结果表明,在大能见度下,液态氧化铝粒子云的发射率明显地高于各向同性和线性各向异性散射模型的发射率。为了得到好的近似值,对强向前散射的相函数和中等大小的反射率,可以按完全吸收性介质来确定粒子云的发射。     

Moments applied in the manual assembly of space structures: EASE biomechanics results from STS-61B

Measurements of the level and pattern of moments applied in the manual assembly of a space structure were made in extravehicular activity (EVA) and neutral buoyancy simulation (NBS). The Experimental Assembly of Structures in EVA program included the repeated assembly of a 3.6 m tetrahedral truss structure in EVA on STS-61B after extensive neutral buoyancy crew training. The flight and training structures were of equivalent mass and geometry to allow a direct correlation between EVA and NBS performance. A stereo photographic motion camera system was used to reconstruct in three dimensions rotational movements of structural beams during assembly. Moments applied in these manual handling tasks were calculated on the basis of the reconstructed movements taking into account effects of inertia, drag and virtual mass. Applied moments of 2.0 Nm were typical for beam rotations in EVA. Corresponding applied moments in NBS were typically up to five times greater. Moments were applied as impulses separated by several seconds of coasting in both EVA and NBS. Decelerating impulses were only infrequently observed in NBS.