价值工程的合同方面

本文以叙述合同要求,各种形式的价值工程计划和建议,以及规定的分享条款的形式等来阐述价值工程的合同方面的问题.为了说明如何实际运用价值工程合同的概念和降低成本的计算方法,以及如何在政府和雷锡恩公司之间分享节余的方法,本文将重点阐明价值工程变更提案的主要部分.多年来,为了简化价值工程条款,防务采办条例(DAR)已修正了多次.本文是根据最近修改的DAR写成的,参照的文件为《防务采办通报》,DAC76—26,1980年     

实时显示生成器

实时显示生成器(RTDB)是一种生成逻辑驱动显示的交互式图形工具样机。这些显示反映了当前系统状态,实时完成故障检测算法,采纳老练飞控人员的操作知识。该RTDB采用面向目标的方法,将基本操作逻辑和显示符号结合起来。要生成显示时,用户利用这种方法可规定屏幕布局和驱动逻辑。RTDB正在UNLX下用C语言开发,利用了MASSCOMP图形环境,作了适当的功能划分,以便于移植到其它图形环境。RTDB是为用户化实时数据驱动的航天飞机系统显示而开发的。使用该工具初始功能度的显示在STS—26发现者号轨道运行阶段投入了实用。目前正在NASA/JSC任务操作部开发的实时数据系统工程准备利用RTDB产生几种显示。本文介绍了这种工具的特点、目前的发展状况及其应用。     

非洲:生命源头的秘密(下)

直立人是极为成功的流动群体,事实上,他们的旅行十分顺利,人们最初发现的直立人化石距离他们原来的非洲家园有好几千公里.在19世纪90年代,尤基尼·多布尔斯,一位富于冒险精神的荷兰物理学家,他加入了荷兰军队以此为藉口到达了荷兰属的东印度群岛(即现在的印度尼西亚).多布尔斯同意查理·达尔文的理论,认为早期人类与大猿有着密切的联系.因为在东印度群岛上有猩猩存在,所以多布尔斯认为这里可能拥有“丢失链”的化石.     

寻找“暗物质”

当天体物理学家理查·艾利斯将哈勃望远镜对准40亿光年之外的AC114星系群时,发现了一个特异现象:星系群中心有两个相互映衬的天体影像.艾利斯认为,实在的天体仅有一个,另一个只是该实在天体的虚像.AC114星系群强大的引力起到了凸透镜的作用,将遥远星系发出的射线捕获.使之弯曲折射.由此造成了上述现象.     

来自热带雨林的解译

来自热带雨林的解译︹美︺Ｃ芬尼维西钱峰译曾一度为玛雅文明中心地带的危地马拉彼德克斯贝顿热带雨林，就连强盗、窃贼也绕道而行。但在以往的６年中，一支非凡的大型研究队伍抵挡住毒蛇猛兽及当地游击队的侵袭，深入到这一秘密丛林之中去探寻一个秘密：为何这一高度文...     

世界标准日祝词

就最广泛的意义来讲,运输意味着把各种人员、技术和组织团体相互联结起来的一个错综复杂的网络。请设想一下,为了乘小汽车、长途汽车或火车以及飞机来加速商务活动或每家每户歼出度假的旅行,为了把     

Adaptational changes in the neural control of cardiorespiratory function in a confined environment: the CNEC#3 experiment

The goal of the study was to characterize the changes in neurovegetative control of the circulation, attending the presumed physiological and psychological stress originated by the isolation and confinement typical of the living condition of space stations, as simulated in a ground based unit, using time and frequency domain analysis. As a secondary goal we sought to verify the implementation of real time data acquisition, for off line spectral analisys of R-R interval, systolic arterial pressure (by Finapres) and respiration (by PVF2 piezoelectric sensors).

We addressed the cardiorespiratory and neurovegetative responses to standardized, simple Stressors (active standing, dynamic and static handgrip) on the EXEMSI 92 crew, before, during and after the isolation period.

On average the appropriate excitatory responses (to stand, dynamic and static handgrip) were elicited also in isolation and confinement.

Active standing and small masses muscular exercises are easy to be performed in a confined and isolated environment and provide a valuable tool for investigating the adaptational changes in neural control mechanisms.

The possibility there exists of using this time and frequency domain approach to monitor the level of performance and well being of the space crew in (quasi) real time.     

Psychological countermeasures for extended manned spaceflights

The authors examine psychological issues and countermeasures in extended space flight. Individual-oriented pre-flight countermeasures include basic psychological selection and training of astronaut candidates. Crew-oriented pre-flight countermeasures include crew composition based on psychological compatibility and psychological mission preparation. Psychological inflight support measures include those that address the emotional state and well-being of astronauts, performance efficiency, and prevention of task overload. Suggestions for an integrated approach to psychological countermeasures for extended flights are presented. Case reports examine psychological selection and training of German astronauts in preparation for the STS-55 mission.     

Lick Observatory Optical SETI: targeted search and new directions

Lick Observatory's Optical SETI (search for extraterrestrial intelligence) program has been in regular operation for 4.5 years. We have observed 4,605 stars of spectral types F-M within 200 light-years of Earth. Occasionally, we have appended objects of special interest, such as stars with known planetary systems. We have observed 14 candidate signals ("triple coincidences"), all but one of which are explained by transient local difficulties. Additional observations of the remaining candidate have failed to confirm arriving pulse events. We now plan to proceed in a more economical manner by operating in an unattended drift scan mode. Between operational and equipment modifications, efficiency will more than double.     

Effect on the cardiac function of repeated LBNP during a 1-month head down tilt

Cardiovascular assessment by ultrasound methods was performed during two long duration (1 month) Head Down Tilt (HDT) on 6 healthy volunteers. On a first 1 month HDT session, 3 of the 6 subjects (A, B, C) had daily several lower body negative pressure tests (LBNP), whereas the 3 subjects remaining (D, E, F) rested without LBNP. On a second 1 month HDT session subjects D, E, and F had daily LBNP tests and the A, B and C subjects did not. The cardiac function was assessed by Echocardiography, (B mode, TM mode). On all the "6 non LBNP" subjects the left ventricule diastolic volume (LVDV), the stroke volume (SV) and the cardiac output (CO) increase (+10%, -15%) after HDT then decrease and remain inferior (-5%, -5%) or equal to the basal value during the HDT. Immediately after the end of the HDT the heart rate (HR) increase (+10%, +30%) whereas the cardiac parameters decrease weakly (-5%, -10%) and normalize after 3 days of recovery. On the "6 LBNP" subjects the LVDV, SV and CO increase (+10%, 15%) after 1 h HDT as in the previous group then decrease but remain superior (+5%, +15%) or equal to the basal value. After the HDT session, the HR is markedly increased (+20%, +40%) the LVDV and SV decrease (-15%, -20%) whereas the CO increases or decreases depending on the amplitude of the HR variations. These parameters do not completely normalize after 3 day's recovery. Repeated LBNP sessions have a significant effect on the cardiovascular function as it maintains all cardiac parameters above the basal value. The LBNP manoeuvre can be considered as an efficient countermeasure to prevent cardiac disadaptation induced by HDT position and probably microgravity.