One hundred US EVAs: a perspective on spacewalks

In the 36 years between June 1965 and February 2001, the US human space flight program has conducted 100 spacewalks, or extravehicular activities (EVAs), as NASA officially calls them. EVA occurs when astronauts wearing spacesuits travel outside their protective spacecraft to perform tasks in the space vacuum environment. US EVA started with pioneering feasibility tests during the Gemini Program. The Apollo Program required sending astronauts to the moon and performing EVA to explore the lunar surface. EVA supported scientific mission objectives of the Skylab program, but may be best remembered for repairing launch damage to the vehicle and thus saving the program. EVA capability on Shuttle was initially planned to be a kit that could be flown at will, and was primarily intended for coping with vehicle return emergencies. The Skylab emergency and the pivotal role of EVA in salvaging that program quickly promoted Shuttle EVA to an essential element for achieving mission objectives, including retrieving satellites and developing techniques to assemble and maintain the International Space Station (ISS). Now, EVA is supporting assembly of ISS. This paper highlights development of US EVA capability within the context of the overarching mission objectives of the US human space flight program.     

防空导弹引战配合设计变分问题的近似求解

以破片杀伤战斗部的破片动态相对飞散密度函数作为设计变元，得到单枚导弹战斗部对空中目标的杀伤概率泛函。于是，对防空导弹引战配合的设计就转化为求解相应的变分问题（VP）。通过里兹法对此进行了近似求解，求解结果与实际的引战配合情况完全符合。这说明防空导弹引战配合设计的变分法是可行的，从而为现代防空导弹引战配合在更广泛的类型中寻求最佳设计提供了有效的方法和手段。     

机动再入飞行器的复合制导方案研究

对机动再入飞行器弧段的复合制导方案进行了研究，首先提出了通过高低空复合制导控制再入飞行器的终端速度和弹道倾角的思路；然后分别给出了高空最优制导律和大气厚再入最优制导律；最后对此复合制导方案进行了数字仿真。仿真结果表明此方案在理论上是可行的。     

建设空间作战实验室开展太空作战研究

“谁能控制空间，谁就能控制地球”。美军的太空作战演习首次将太空作为作战行动的主要场所，标志着美军太空战略正在发生巨大转变。演习的直接目的是检验美国空军航天司令部的作战指挥系统、航天系统的运行状况以及航天系统与地面系统的配合能力。更深层次的目的，则是 加强美军的太空战威慑能力，凭借其太空系统向美国的敌人发出微妙但却清晰的警告。本文分析了美国太空演习的种种情况，提出了建设航天作战实验室，以研究由空间军事开发而引起的太空作战理论、作战原则与战争形态嬗变性产生的巨大影响。     

开辟航天工程应用新领域建设航天作战应用实验室

分析了国内安全形势、建设武器装备作战实验室的紧迫性和重要性以及美军作战实验室建设的现状,提出了军事航天装备体系的结构组成及军事航天作战应用仿真系统的总体结构。开展天战理论与应用研究,创建航天作战应用实验室具有重要的指导意义和军事价值。     

The physics,biology, and environmental ethics of making mars habitable

The considerable evidence that Mars once had a wetter, more clement, environment motivates the search for past or present life on that planet. This evidence also suggests the possibility of restoring habitable conditions on Mars. While the total amounts of the key molecules--carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen--needed for creating a biosphere on Mars are unknown, estimates suggest that there may be enough in the subsurface. Super greenhouse gases, in particular, perfluorocarbons, are currently the most effective and practical way to warm Mars and thicken its atmosphere so that liquid water is stable on the surface. This process could take approximately 100 years. If enough carbon dioxide is frozen in the South Polar Cap and absorbed in the regolith, the resulting thick and warm carbon dioxide atmosphere could support many types of microorganisms, plants, and invertebrates. If a planet-wide martian biosphere converted carbon dioxide into oxygen with an average efficiency equal to that for Earth's biosphere, it would take > 100,000 years to create Earth-like oxygen levels. Ethical issues associated with bringing life to Mars center on the possibility of indigenous martian life and the relative value of a planet with or without a global biosphere.     

Cave biosignature suites: microbes,minerals, and Mars

Earth's subsurface offers one of the best possible sites to search for microbial life and the characteristic lithologies that life leaves behind. The subterrain may be equally valuable for astrobiology. Where surface conditions are particularly hostile, like on Mars, the subsurface may offer the only habitat for extant lifeforms and access to recognizable biosignatures. We have identified numerous unequivocally biogenic macroscopic, microscopic, and chemical/geochemical cave biosignatures. However, to be especially useful for astrobiology, we are looking for suites of characteristics. Ideally, "biosignature suites" should be both macroscopically and microscopically detectable, independently verifiable by nonmorphological means, and as independent as possible of specific details of life chemistries--demanding (and sometimes conflicting) criteria. Working in fragile, legally protected environments, we developed noninvasive and minimal impact techniques for life and biosignature detection/characterization analogous to Planetary Protection Protocols. Our difficult field conditions have shared limitations common to extraterrestrial robotic and human missions. Thus, the cave/subsurface astrobiology model addresses the most important goals from both scientific and operational points of view. We present details of cave biosignature suites involving manganese and iron oxides, calcite, and sulfur minerals. Suites include morphological fossils, mineral-coated filaments, living microbial mats and preserved biofabrics, 13C and 34S values consistent with microbial metabolism, genetic data, unusual elemental abundances and ratios, and crystallographic mineral forms.     

《实用英语》教法研究新思路

本文主要阐明了教师在教授《实用英语》的过程中，应更多地寻找新思路，探求新方法，创造性地使用教材，以交际法为主线，博采众长，为我所用。根椐各流派教法，结合《实用英语》，作者着重讲述了如何灵活安排教学计划，提出课堂教学中切实可行的方法。     

方舱产品标准化和“三化”设计

阐述了我国方舱产品标准化的现状 ,从开展产品“三化”设计标准化和工艺生产管理标准化两个方面介绍了 2 10所所做的标准化工作和方舱产品“三化”工作的思路。     

型号研制中的标准化工作

阐述了○六七基地在型号研制实际工作中开展标准化的情况 ,并从加强标准的制定 (修订 )、实施与监督 ,开展综合标准化和产品“三化”工作以及对标准实施进行动态管理等方面 ,对促进型号研制 ,加速研制进度 ,满足型号研制需要等工作效果作了分析和介绍。