动态力学分析——评价二维碳一碳复合材料的一种方法

动态力学分析(DMA)已用于检验由碳基致密碳布制成的复合材料。本文介绍了从环境温度到500℃范围内,其平板和锥体两种结构件的研究,由此法计算求得的拉伸存储模量值,在整个测试温度范围内的任意一点上,其重现性在5%以内。实验证明,这种技术能对样品进行无损分析,确定锥体和平板复合材料力学性能的差别,显示锥体内存在的微弱的各向异性以及沥青基体与化学气相沉积基体的区别,发现了锥体的取向效应。本文还讨论了实验技术的细节和进行力学性能计算时所做的假设。     

Metabolic changes in the animals subjected to space flight

The activity of the enzymes involved in aminoacid metabolism (tyrosine aminotransferase, TAT, tryptophan pyrrolase TP, serine dehydratase, SD) with rapid response to glucocorticoids and enzymes requiring for activity increase repeated administration of corticosterone (alanine aminotransferase, ALT, aspartate aminotransferase, AST) in liver, the changes of lipolysis in adipose tissue and the plasma corticosterone levels were studied in rats subjected to space flight (F), in animals from synchron model experiments (SM, simulated conditions of space flight in laboratory) and in intact controls (C). The increase of plasma corticosterone concentration and of the activity of rapidly (TAT, TP, SD) and slowly activating enzymes (ALT, AST) was found in F group 6-10 hr after space flight (18.5 days on biosatellite COSMOS 1129). This suggested the presence of acute-stress (associated primarily with the landing) and chronic stress induced hypercorticosteronemia during the flight. After the short 6-day period of recovery the plasma corticosterone concentrations and the activities of liver enzymes returned to control levels. The exposition of animals to repeated immobilization stress showed higher response of corticosterone levels in flight rats as compared to intact controls. No changes in basal lipolysis were observed in flight rats in comparison to intact controls, however the stimulation of lipolysis by norepinephrine was lower in animals from F and SM groups. This lower response of lipolytic processes to norepinephrine was found in flight animals also after six days period of recovery. These results showed that there are important changes in the regulation of lipolytic processes in adipose tissue of rats after space flight and in the conditions of model experiments.     

Catecholamines and their enzymes in discrete brain areas of rats after space flight on biosatellites Cosmos

The activity of the catecholaminergic system was measured in the hypothalamus of rats which had experienced an 18.5-19.5-day-long stay in the state of weightlessness during space flights on board Soviet biosatellites of the type Cosmos. In the first two experiments, Cosmos 782 and 936, the concentration of norepinephrine and the activities of synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and of the degrading enzyme monoamine oxidase were measured in the total hypothalamus. None of the given parameters was changed after space flight. In the light of the changes of these parameters recorded after exposure to acute stress on Earth, this finding indicates that long-term state of weightlessness does not represent an intensive stressogenic stimulus for the system studied. In the space experiment Cosmos 1129, the concentration of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine was studied in isolated nuclei of the hypothalamus of rats within 6-10 hr following return from space. Norepinephrine was found to be significantly reduced in the arcuate nucleus, median eminence and periventricular nucleus, epinephrine in the median eminence, periventricular and suprachiasmatic nuclei, whereas dopamine was not significantly changed after space flight. The decreased catecholamine levels found in some hypothalamic nuclei of rats which had undergone space flight indicate that no chronic intensive stressor could have acted during the flight, otherwise the catecholamine concentration would have been increased in the nuclei. The decreased levels must have been induced by the effect of a stressogenic factor acting for a short time only, and that either during the landing maneuver or immediately after landing. Thus long-term exposure of the organism to the state of weightlessness does not represent a stressogenic stimulus for the catecholaminergic system in the hypothalamus, which is one of the regulators of the activation of neuroendocrine reactions under stress.     

谷歌设3000万美元探月大奖

互联网搜索巨头谷歌公司9月14日表示将同X奖基金会合作举办一项挑战赛，并向把机器人送到月球人漫游并发回高分辨率图像资料和数据的公司提供3000万美元的奖金。该公司已在其网站上设立了“谷歌月球”（Google Moon）网页，上面有麻脸般的月球表面的图像。这些图像由以往探月任务拍摄的照片加工而成，包括1969年阿波罗11号登月时拍摄的照片。     

Impact seeding and reseeding in the inner solar system

Assuming that asteroidal and cometary impacts onto Earth can liberate material containing viable microorganisms, we studied the subsequent distribution of the escaping impact ejecta throughout the inner Solar System on time scales of 30,000 years. Our calculations of the delivery rates of this terrestrial material to Mars and Venus, as well as back to Earth, indicate that transport to great heliocentric distances may occur in just a few years and that the departure speed is significant. This material would have been efficiently and quickly dispersed throughout the Solar System. Our study considers the fate of all the ejected mass (not just the slowly moving material), and tabulates impact rates onto Venus and Mars in addition to Earth itself. Expressed as a fraction of the ejected particles, roughly 0.1% and 0.001% of the ejecta particles would have reached Venus and Mars, respectively, in 30,000 years, making the biological seeding of those planets viable if the target planet supported a receptive environment at the time. In terms of possibly safeguarding terrestrial life by allowing its survival in space while our planet cools after a major killing thermal pulse, we show via our 30,000- year integrations that efficient return to Earth continues for this duration. Our calculations indicate that roughly 1% of the launched mass returns to Earth after a major impact regardless of the impactor speed; although a larger mass is ejected following impacts at higher speeds, a smaller fraction of these ejecta is returned. Early bacterial life on Earth could have been safeguarded from any purported impact-induced extinction by temporary refuge in space.     

固体火箭喷管空气动力设计的一般原理

在一定条件的约束下,扩散和两相流效应对喷管空气动力的设计和喷管效率实质上起着支配的作用。为了减少两相流动的损失,提出了一些一般原理。这些原理应用于所介绍的方法中,以便得到一种新的喷管形状。描述了收敛段,喉部和扩散段的结构,通过多项式的起始膨胀区的截短喷管的方法获得了扩散段的形状。所得到喷管的结构对减轻喷管重量比较有利。     

固体推进剂火箭发动机的性能予示和高膨胀比喷管的应用

提出了予示固体推进剂火箭发动机的比冲和特性速度的分析方法。这个方法强调了二维两相流分析,它是以准确的跨音速解为基础,并且给出金属含量高的推进剂的大部分性能损失。它应用于可忽略燃烧损失和出口锥上无粒子撞击的发动机。以一系列的缩比发动机、全尺寸发动机和5台装有高膨胀比喷管的远地点发动机实验结果为背景,评价了它的有效性。膨胀比在很宽的范围内(从9到92)在予示值和实验结果之间完全一致。从本研究得出结论,提出的这个方法是性能予示的一个很准确工具,并且对高膨胀比喷管的气动力设计和分析很有用,这样的喷管对期待中的未来应用是特别有意义的。     

航天发动机用的低密度绝热层的研制

业已公认,减轻航天发动机的消极重量是十分必要的。其中的一项措施是研制和应用先进的复合材料发动机壳体,如计划于八十年代初期发射的MAGE欧洲远地点发动机所做的那样。但是,通过降低壳体内绝热层材料密度,还可以进一步降低发动机消极重量。由于认识到了这样做的必要性,从而开展了本文所述的新型低密度橡胶复合材料的研制工作。这些橡胶材料,大体上都以三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)为基体,以石棉为填料,以过氧化物为固化剂,适用于装丁羧推进剂和丁羟推进剂的发动机。所述的研制计划除研究了配方技术,调整热性能、烧蚀性能和力学性能以满足发动机要求外,还研究了加工工艺的最佳化,包括易于固化以及和壳体推进剂的粘接性能。     

Bacillus subtilis spores on artificial meteorites survive hypervelocity atmospheric entry: implications for Lithopanspermia

An important but untested aspect of the lithopanspermia hypothesis is that microbes situated on or within meteorites could survive hypervelocity entry from space through Earth's atmosphere. The use of high-altitude sounding rockets to test this notion was explored. Granite samples permeated with spores of Bacillus subtilis strain WN511 were attached to the exterior telemetry module of a sounding rocket and launched from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico into space, reaching maximum atmospheric entry velocity of 1.2 km/s. Maximum recorded temperature during the flight was measured at 145 degrees C. The surfaces of the post-flight granite samples were swabbed and tested for recovery and survival of WN511 spores, using genetic markers and the unique DNA fingerprint of WN511 as recovery criteria. Spore survivors were isolated at high frequency, ranging from 1.2% to 4.4% compared with ground controls, from all surfaces except the forward-facing surface. Sporulation-defective mutants were noted among the spaceflight survivors at high frequency (4%). These experiments constitute the first report of spore survival to hypervelocity atmospheric transit, and indicate that sounding rocket flights can be used to model the high-speed atmospheric entry of bacteria-laden artificial meteorites.