冲压发动机试验和模拟技术

模拟冲压发动机工作状态的流动条件需要独特的地面试验能力、暂冲式吹风试车台是一个经济设备,它能满足高流量和高压力比的要求。污染空气加热器提供了一种灵活而廉价的模拟弹道温度变化的有效方法。自由射流试验中,适当地模拟进口流动条件对发动机研制起着很重要的作用。本文讨论了冲压发动机地面试验要求,评论了直联式与自由射流的试验中模拟可用参数的方法,描述了满足气动模拟要求的技术与设备,并已证实是有效的。     

基于联合映射的高速数传发射机设计及其查找表法实现

根据高速数传发射机的要求,提出基于联合映射的高速卫星发射机设计及基于查找表的FPGA(F ieldProgramm ab le Gate Array,现场可编程门阵列)硬件实现方案。该方法将发射机中数字部分的TCM编码和成形滤波一起设计,将多个卷积相乘项相加后再量化,减少了量化次数,提高了量化信噪比。并根据FPGA芯片内部结构设计硬件实现方案,符合SOC(System of Ch ip)的趋势。用片内的BLOCKRAM精心设计查找表,在X ILINX公司25万门芯片VIRTEX2-250中就能实现此方案。MODELSIM的时序仿真结果表明可支持高达200Mb it/s的数据。文章结尾针对未来更高速率的高速数传发射机给出了一种通用硬件实现方法。     

M stars as targets for terrestrial exoplanet searches and biosignature detection

The changing view of planets orbiting low mass stars, M stars, as potentially hospitable worlds for life and its remote detection was motivated by several factors, including the demonstration of viable atmospheres and oceans on tidally locked planets, normal incidence of dust disks, including debris disks, detection of planets with masses in the 5-20 M() range, and predictions of unusually strong spectral biosignatures. We present a critical discussion of M star properties that are relevant for the long- and short-term thermal, dynamical, geological, and environmental stability of conventional liquid water habitable zone (HZ) M star planets, and the advantages and disadvantages of M stars as targets in searches for terrestrial HZ planets using various detection techniques. Biological viability seems supported by unmatched very long-term stability conferred by tidal locking, small HZ size, an apparent short-fall of gas giant planet perturbers, immunity to large astrosphere compressions, and several other factors, assuming incidence and evolutionary rate of life benefit from lack of variability. Tectonic regulation of climate and dynamo generation of a protective magnetic field, especially for a planet in synchronous rotation, are important unresolved questions that must await improved geodynamic models, though they both probably impose constraints on the planet mass. M star HZ terrestrial planets must survive a number of early trials in order to enjoy their many Gyr of stability. Their formation may be jeopardized by an insufficient initial disk supply of solids, resulting in the formation of objects too small and/or dry for habitability. The small empirical gas giant fraction for M stars reduces the risk of formation suppression or orbit disruption from either migrating or nonmigrating giant planets, but effects of perturbations from lower mass planets in these systems are uncertain. During the first approximately 1 Gyr, atmospheric retention is at peril because of intense and frequent stellar flares and sporadic energetic particle events, and impact erosion, both enhanced, the former dramatically, for M star HZ semimajor axes. Loss of atmosphere by interactions with energetic particles is likely unless the planetary magnetic moment is sufficiently large. For the smallest stellar masses a period of high planetary surface temperature, while the parent star approaches the main sequence, must be endured. The formation and retention of a thick atmosphere and a strong magnetic field as buffers for a sufficiently massive planet emerge as prerequisites for an M star planet to enter a long period of stability with its habitability intact. However, the star will then be subjected to short-term fluctuations with consequences including frequent unpredictable variation in atmospheric chemistry and surficial radiation field. After a review of evidence concerning disks and planets associated with M stars, we evaluate M stars as targets for future HZ planet search programs. Strong advantages of M stars for most approaches to HZ detection are offset by their faintness, leading to severe constraints due to accessible sample size, stellar crowding (transits), or angular size of the HZ (direct imaging). Gravitational lensing is unlikely to detect HZ M star planets because the HZ size decreases with mass faster than the Einstein ring size to which the method is sensitive. M star Earth-twin planets are predicted to exhibit surprisingly strong bands of nitrous oxide, methyl chloride, and methane, and work on signatures for other climate categories is summarized. The rest of the paper is devoted to an examination of evidence and implications of the unusual radiation and particle environments for atmospheric chemistry and surface radiation doses, and is summarized in the Synopsis. We conclude that attempts at remote sensing of biosignatures and nonbiological markers from M star planets are important, not as tests of any quantitative theories or rational arguments, but instead because they offer an inspection of the residues from a Gyr-long biochemistry experiment in the presence of extreme environmental fluctuations. A detection or repeated nondetections could provide a unique opportunity to partially answer a fundamental and recurrent question about the relation between stability and complexity, one that is not addressed by remote detection from a planet orbiting a solar-like star, and can only be studied on Earth using restricted microbial systems in serial evolution experiments or in artificial life simulations. This proposal requires a planet that has retained its atmosphere and a water supply. The discussion given here suggests that observations of M star exoplanets can decide this latter question with only slight modifications to plans already in place for direct imaging terrestrial exoplanet missions.     

机载娱乐系统的常见问题

在空中服务日趋现代化的今天,对机载娱乐系统(IFE)提出了更高的要求。十年前,旅客在长途旅行的飞机上只能欣赏一些电影和音乐。而现在,旅客座椅背面的机载系统不仅可以提供大量的信息服务和娱乐项目(AVOD),而且可以根据个人喜好播放音频和视频、交互式游戏、发送和接收电子邮件、浏览互联网等。     

创新引领航空航天业未来

多年来,航空航天业一直是技术创新最为活跃的行业之一,在各平台和子系统的开发中取得了大量的科研成果。客观地说,航空航天业不仅是现代社会最具影响力的创新之源,而且是将这些科技成果转化为巿场竞争力的典范。在这些丰硕的创新成果中,以GPS、涡轮发动机、电传飞控和无人飞行器等为代表的技术创新,在推动工程技术进步,提高社会生产力的同时,也为企业创造了大量财富。在尚未完全走出经济危机的今天,重拾"创新"话题,对航空航天业的下一步发展将十分必要。据此,美国《航空周刊与空间技术》杂志的一些资深编辑与美国一家称为CRA的全球性咨询机构组成了一个团队,围绕这个话题进行了为期4个月的采访和调查,其对象既包括像雷神公司、波音公司、EADS这样的行业巨头,也有以技术创新先锋著称的洛克希德·马丁公司的"臭鼬"工作队和波音公司的"鬼怪"工作队,还有美国空军和一些富于创新精神的大学实验室等。我们相信,梳理并归纳他们的言论与思想,对正在努力跻身于世界航空之林的中国航空业会有所启迪。     

高体积分数SiCp/Al的化学镀镍

在进行无钯活化预处理后,对高体积分数SiCp/Al进行化学镀镍,研究了温度和pH值对镀层和沉积速度的影响。采用SEM观察镀层形貌,通过EDX测定镀层的镍磷含量,并用XRD分析了镀层的显微结构。结果表明:在特殊预处理后,采用化学镀镍,可在高体积分数SiCp/Al表面沉积上致密、均匀、结合牢固的镍镀层,镀层为微晶结构,属于中磷镀层。     

使用液态化学循环的高热效率动力研究(英文)

要使碳氢燃油在常规燃烧循环中高效燃烧,需要非常高的温度,化学循环燃烧可以为大型动力装置提供一个可行的方法。在化学循环燃烧中,使用含氧介质分子来传输两个氧化还原反应之间的氧气,含氧介质在一个反应中被氧化,在另一个与燃油的反应中被减少。从燃烧残余物中分离出含氧介质可以借助于不同的物态,如果介质用钠、钾或锌,这是液态化学循环燃烧的显著优点。液态化学循环燃烧的原理是能量和熵的循环,在考虑用于分离氮和二氧化碳零部件效率、结合水燃气交换、以及用空气作为氧气源的情况下,高的热效率(35Pa下约75%)在理论上可以达到。     

战斗机市场兴旺促使发动机竞争加剧

美国战斗机发动机销售减少和市场萎缩几年后,最近似乎处于平稳地回弹.据工业界最新的保守估计,今后10～15年里将有1000台普惠公司的F100和GE公司的F110发动机销售到海外以用于美国的战斗机.这些销往欧洲、中东,也许还有亚洲许多国家的发动机可能包括500台用在F-15飞机上,300～500台用在F-16飞机上.为了竞争未来F-15的动力市场,GE公司于1996年在F-15E上完成了导至F110合格的飞行试验,而且在1997年12月初最后收到了美空军的合格证.GE     

航空维修培训的转变

随着新一代飞机、发动机投入运营,维修培训的方式发生了改变。航空维修培训更注重的是日常的维护,利用模拟器提高维修人员的系统集成和排故能力。航空维修培训的最终目的是提高飞机的可靠性,缩短停飞时间。     

低维材料热导率测试方法的研究进展

综述了近年来低维材料热导率测试方法的研究发展状况,介绍了几种典型测试方法,并对低维材料热导率测试结构的应用和未来发展进行了展望.