航天飞机小尺寸烧蚀喷管试验

近来,使用小尺寸喷管试验,鉴定了有希望的新型碳酚醛烧蚀材料。这些材料采用短粘胶纤维.聚丙烯腈纤维和沥青基碳布制成。为喷气推进试验室48英寸碳发动机设计的4英寸喉径潜入式喷管,用来鉴定有20种烧蚀材料的5种不同的设计。这种装有3200磅航天飞机固体火箭发动机使用的推进剂(聚丁二烯丙烯酸丙烯腈)药柱,提供的燃烧室压力——时间条件,类似于航天飞机固体火箭发动机最初45秒的工作环境。     

“阿里安”L5发动机的研制状况

“阿里安”L5是欧洲研制的最重要的中等推力级可贮存的二元推进剂发动机.它采用了多元件喷射器的设计原理,这种喷射器使用多个同轴喷射元件、一个燃料再生冷却燃烧室和一个辐射冷却的喷管扩展段.研制该发动机各部件所运用的技术与MBB-ERNO公司研制“阿里安”HM7液氧/液氢发动机时运用的技术相类似,但由于L5发动机的推进剂具有二元的基本特性,故现有的液氧/液氢技术只能部分采纳.对此MBB-ERNO公司提出了一项实验性计划来论证同轴式喷射器原理的可行性.L5发动机的研制工作包括整台发动机的设计及推进分系统的布局.叙述L5发动机的设计、性能和工作特性,以及研制状况,重点介绍目前正在研制的喷射器.     

单通道SAR对任意运动目标的检测和成像

在合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像中，运动目标会引起散焦和／或移位之类的成像误差，这与目标运动方向有关。为了得到准确而清晰的运动目标的图像，目标位置和速度参数是必须知道的。这里提出了一种对任意方向运动的地面目标进行探测、参数估计和成像的算法。该算法主要是评估由常规单通道SAR雷达数据生成的一系列单视SAR图像。用两个观察模型来估计运动目标的位置和速度，考虑了由于运动导致多普勒频谱的混叠。用这种方法，运动目标可以不受其运动方向的影响而被检测到，估计参数被用来补偿SAR图像中的成像误差。最后，目标在场景中的真实运动情况可以在补偿过的图像序列中显现。     

The feasibility of Doppler monitoring during EVA

During extravehicular activities (EVA) outside the spacecraft, astronauts have to work under reduced pressure in a space suit. This pressure reduction induces the risk of decompression sickness (DCS) by the formation of gas bubbles from excess nitrogen dissolved in the organism by breathing air at normal pressure. Under laboratory conditions the gas bubbles moving in the blood stream can be detected by the non-invasive ultrasonic Doppler method. By early detection of excessive bubble formation the development of DCS symptoms may be prevented by early application of preventative measures. The method could also be useful when applied in the space suit in order to compare the results of laboratory tests with operational results, because there is a discrepancy according to the DCS risk of laboratory experiments and actual EVA missions, where no symptoms have been reported yet. A prototype Doppler sensor has been developed and implemented in the Russian Orlan suit. To investigate the feasibility of this method under simulated space conditions, the equipment has been used in a series of 12 thermovacuum chamber tests with suited subjects, where intravenous bubble formation was compared to unsuited control experiments. In more than 50% of the suited tests good Doppler recordings could be achieved. In some cases with unsatisfying results the signal could be improved by breathholding. Although the results do not yet allow any conclusion about a possible difference between suited and unsuited subjects due to the small number of tests performed, the method proved its feasibility for use in EVA suits and should be further developed to enhance the safety of EVA procedures.     

固体发动机前封头绝热层在加速度下烧蚀计算

对固体火箭发动机前封头ＮＢＲ绝热层在飞行加速度作用下的烧蚀机理与烧蚀模型进行了研究。     

开槽管形装药（减面形）的设计与应用研究

根据一种火箭的固体发动机的要求，研究了开槽管形装药（减面形）的设计方法，并对减面形开槽管形药柱的槽数、槽长对燃面变化的影响进行了研究，提出了划分燃面变化阶层的依据。经性能试验和飞行试验证明，这种开槽管形装药（减面形）设计是正确的。     

Proposal for a new radiation dose control system for future manned space flights

Radiation risk on a future long-duration manned space mission appears to be one of the basic factors in planning and designing the mission. Since 1988 different active dosimetric investigations has been performed on board the MIR space station by the Bulgarian-Russian dosimeter-radiometer LIULIN and French tissue-equivalent proportional counters CIRCE and NAUSICAA. A joint French-Bulgarian-Russian dosimetry experiment and the dosimetry-radiometry system RADIUS-MD have been developed for the future MARS-96 mission. On the base of the results and experience of these investigations a conception for a new radiation dose control system for the future orbital stations, lunar bases and interplanetary space ships is proposed. The proposed system which consists of different instruments will allow personal radiation control for crew members, radiation monitoring inside and outside each habitat, analysis and forecasting of the situation and will suggest procedures to minimize the radiation risk.     

Cardiovascular deconditioning during weightlessness simulation and the use of lower body negative pressure as a countermeasure to orthostatic intolerance

The cardiovascular function is one of the main disturbed by weightlessness: it is particularly affected by the astronaut's return to Earth, where symptoms linked to the cardiovascular deconditioning syndrom appear in the following forms: (1) orthostatic intolerance with its risk of syncope: (2) higher submaximal oxygen consumption for an equivalent work load. Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) is intended to stimulate the venous system of the lower limbs; however, the specific effects of periodical LBNP sessions on the orthostatic intolerance have never been studied. With this objective in mind, 5 volunteers took part in two recent antiorthostatic bedrest experiments for 30 days. In the first experiment 3 subjects were submitted to several sessions of LBNP experiment per day and 2 others were controls; in the second experiment the LBNP group of the 1st one became controls and vice-versa. Two orthostatic investigations were performed: (1) 5 days before the bedrest; (2) at the end of the 30 day bedrest period. The results showed: (1) when the subjects were control, a high orthostatic intolerance post bedrest with 3 syncopes and one presyncopal state during the first minutes of the tilt test; (2) when the subjects were submitted to LBNP sessions, no orthostatic intolerance.     

全球星与阿尔卡特签订第二代低轨星座合同

全球星公司和阿尔卡特·阿列尼亚空间公司2006年12月4日宣布签订了一份合同。根据合同,阿尔卡特·阿列尼亚空间公司将设计、建造和交付全球星公司第二代星座中的48颗低地轨道卫星。     

NASA公布"全球探测战略"和探月体系

美国航空航天局（NASA）2006年12月4日公布了“全球探测战略”的初步内容和拟议中的美国月球探测体系。“全球探测战略”和探月体系是实现美国重返月球构想的两个关键工具。