Survival of rock-colonizing organisms after 1.5 years in outer space

Cryptoendolithic microbial communities and epilithic lichens have been considered as appropriate candidates for the scenario of lithopanspermia, which proposes a natural interplanetary exchange of organisms by means of rocks that have been impact ejected from their planet of origin. So far, the hardiness of these terrestrial organisms in the severe and hostile conditions of space has not been tested over extended periods of time. A first long-term (1.5 years) exposure experiment in space was performed with a variety of rock-colonizing eukaryotic organisms at the International Space Station on board the European EXPOSE-E facility. Organisms were selected that are especially adapted to cope with the environmental extremes of their natural habitats. It was found that some-but not all-of those most robust microbial communities from extremely hostile regions on Earth are also partially resistant to the even more hostile environment of outer space, including high vacuum, temperature fluctuation, the full spectrum of extraterrestrial solar electromagnetic radiation, and cosmic ionizing radiation. Although the reported experimental period of 1.5 years in space is not comparable with the time spans of thousands or millions of years believed to be required for lithopanspermia, our data provide first evidence of the differential hardiness of cryptoendolithic communities in space.     

生产用汽凝水回收存在问题及解决方法

工业生产中经常用饱和蒸汽作为加热介质,其凝结水在回收过程中由于温度高而产生二次汽化,难以回收,造成热能和高品质水的浪费。针对这种现象提出合理、实用的解决方法,深度利用蒸汽的热能,降低凝结水的温度,使凝水更容易回收,减少热能损失,避免环境污染。     

DEMETER卫星记录到的电离层加热现象

在法国DEMETER卫星运行期间, 地基电离层加热装置SURA和HAARP开展了一系列加热试验, 记录到各类电离层异常信息, 发现电离层加热过程中卫星观测的电离层扰动信号包括HF发射泵波及边带泵波、VLF人工源增强及频谱拓展、ULF/ELF/VLF调制波、ELF电磁扰动、ULF谐振波、等离子体特征参量扰动及高能粒子沉降等. 由于传播及耦合机制的差异, 发射泵波可以穿透电离层直达卫星高度, 其观测概率最高达到68%以上, 其他扰动受发射调制模式及当地电磁环境等影响,观测概率相对较低, 均在40%左右, 有些甚至是某次试验中出现的个别事例. 结合中国地震电磁监测试验卫星飞行轨道设计及载荷配置等,对未来开展加热试验进行了分析论证, 并参考DEMETER卫星试验结果给出了一些建议.      

Evaluation of Turbulence Models in Predicting Hypersonic and Subsonic Base Flows Using Grid Adaptation Techniques

The flows behind the base of a generic rocket, at both hypersonic and subsonic flow conditions, are numerically studied. The main concerns are addressed to the evaluation of turbulence models and the using of grid adaptation techniques. The investiga- tion focuses on two configurations, related to hypersonic and subsonic experiments. The applicability tests of different turbulence models are conducted on the level of two-equation models calculating the steady state solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations. All used models, the original Wilcox k-ω, the Menter shear-stress transport (SST) and the explicit algebraic Reynolds stress model(EARSM) formulation, predict an asymmetric base flow in both cases caused by the support of the models. A comparison with preliminary experimental results indicates a preference for the SST and EARSM results over the results from the older k-ω model. Sensitivity studies show no significant influence of the grid topology or the location of the laminar to turbulent transition on the base flow field, but a strong influence of even small angles of attack is reported from the related experiments.     

惨遭“奥斯卡诅詈”的五大导演

看看舞台上那帮身着晚礼服手捧着奥斯卡奖杯自呜得意的家伙们!他们几乎没有意识到,一片乌云正笼罩在他们头上：这就是所谓的”奥斯卡诅詈”。这就意味着,即便是那些仅仅获得奥斯卡提名的候选人．他们的下部作品就很可能就成为其职业生涯的一大败笔。     

美载人航天评审最终报告发布

历经多次推迟后．由10人组成的美国载人航天计划评审委员会10月22日终于公布了其最终评审报告。报告题为《寻求一个大国应有的载人航天计划》,共155页。评审委员会称．NASA应考虑采用商业飞行器来帮助实现其目标．或许应取消打算用于发射未来载人飞船的“战神”1火箭。     

Advances in the Researches of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere in China in 2012–2014

In this report we summarize the research results by Chinese scientists in 2012–2014. The focuses are placed on the researches of the middle and upper atmosphere, specifically the researches related to ground-based observation capability development, dynamical processes, the property of circulation and chemistry-climate coupling of the middle atmospheric layers.     

人类迁居太空面临哪些问题

早在20世纪初,俄罗斯著名科学家、现代航天学和火箭理论的奠基人康斯坦丁·齐奥尔科夫斯基（1857—1935）就认为,未来人类迁移到地球之外居住是必要也是可能的。他的根据是：随着世界人口的日益增加,将导致地球上缺乏足够的空间和资源,人们将不得不考虑在其他星球寻找新的居住地。但是自20世纪中期人类首次进入太空以来,在探索宇宙方面并没有多大进展。     

寻找新地球

大家都知道,宇宙中只存在一个地球,但是不久的将来,可能会出现另一个新地球,接着又出现一个。 人类用了数千年的时间来研究地球,又用了几个世纪去探索与地球相邻的行星,宇宙视野一直在拓展。至今为止,天文学家已经确定的围绕除太阳以外的其他恒星旋转的行星已经有370多颗。     

洁齿

在一个世纪以前及更早的时候,要想在自然环境下拍摄到野生动物,简直无法想象的困难。1906年,美国《国家地理》杂志首次刊登了74张夜行动物的照片,之后,就开始不断展现野生动物摄影突破性的成就。这张1966年摄于锡兰