关于MIL-A-859IE外挂物受载情况

推荐的军用规范MIL-A-8591E版《机载悬挂物及其悬挂装置的通用设计准则》一文中,就对外挂物结构设计的受载准则作了些更改。其中两个主要更改是:气动载荷准则和吊耳及臂状止动器反作用力的计算方法。 以前,外挂物上的气动载荷是由攻角与飞机性能有关的准则而规定的,且以现役的主要飞机为基础。在E版中,这些准则已经普通化且以方程式表示。准则的数值从特定的几何参数和性能参数计算出,这些参数能用以表示专用机种或一类飞机,又能按采购方要求表示保守设计。 吊耳及臂状止动器对外载荷反作用力的计算方法,在规范中作为附录,也已修改。为处理静不定的偏航力矩反作用力所必需的假设都根据实验室试验结果作了更改。这种新方法采用载荷分布因数,它是悬挂系统的函数,其数值已凭经验求得。     

强迫振荡理论

本文给出了基于基本守恒方程的一维轴向稳定分析。分析方法与经典方法不同,区别在于利用一些显式关系项来说明在固体推进剂火箭发动机中声学系统与各种结构、燃烧和呈现的流动现象之间的相互作用。此外,本文处理控制方程的方式也与经典的方法不同,即得到声学系统正态模型的稳定性余量和固有频率的方法与经典方法不一样。本文给出了用这种分析方法研究相互作用的一个例子。这就是试验台轴向振动与声学系统压力振荡之间的相互作用。结果表明,如果振荡频率和振幅需要精确地确定的话,各单个系统即声学和试验台结构不能再单独地考虑。     

试验测量精度指导

用统计学原理和数学方法来改进模型,在手册第Ⅰ节中有介绍。在手册的第Ⅱ节中,不确定度模型用数学、图表以及带有如何应用模型数字方块图的例子作了介绍。这些方法在逻辑判定图12中概述。手册的其余部分专门介绍了特殊测量模型的应用,诸如:力、燃料流量、压力、温度、空气气流、净推力、净单位推力燃料消耗率以及专门的方法。     

Bringing life sciences to life

A brief review of the status of space life sciences research is provided with an emphasis on the contributions this research has made to life here on Earth. Physiological effects of weightlessness are discussed along with methods of prevention or treatment. Several technologies are described which have resulted in advances in improved health care and in other industries. In addition, the impact of space life sciences research on women's health issues and on future space travel are discussed.     

Reaching for the red planet

The distant shores of Mars were reached by numerous U.S. and Russian spacecraft throughout the 1960s to mid 1970s. Nearly 20 years have passed since those successful missions which orbited and landed on the Martian surface. Two Soviet probes headed for the planet in July, 1988, but later failed. In August 1993, the U.S. Mars Observer suddenly went silent just three days before it was to enter orbit around the planet and was never heard from again. In late 1996, there will be renewed activity on the launch pads with three probes departing for the red planet: 1) The U.S. Mars Global Surveyor will be launched in November on a Delta II rocket and will orbit the planet for global mapping purposes; 2) Russia's Mars '96 mission, scheduled to fly in November on a Proton launcher, consists of an orbiter, two small stations which will land on the Martian surface, and two penetrators that will plow into the terrain; and finally, 3) a U.S. Discovery-class spacecraft, the Mars Pathfinder, has a December launch date atop a Delta II booster. The mission features a lander and a microrover that will travel short distances over Martian territory. These missions usher in a new phase of Mars exploration, setting the stage for an unprecedented volley of spacecraft that will orbit around, land on, drive across, and perhaps fly at low altitudes over the planet.     

高空飞行相关知识：飞行的环境

中国民航《公共航空运输承运人运行合格审定规则》(121部)中第121.419条d项规定:“在7600米(25000英尺)以上高度的飞行中服务的机组成员,应当接受下列内容的教育:(1)呼吸原理;(2)生理组织缺氧;(3)高空不供氧情况下的有知觉持续时间;(4)气体膨胀; (5)气泡的形成; (6)减压的物理现象和事件。” 拥有一万小时喷气机经历、曾任奖状(Citation)飞机的教员以及飞安国际(FlightSafety International)的计划经理的Linda D. Pendleton,于1999年撰写了《飞行员应该了解的高空生理学、缺氧现象和快速释压方面的相关知识》一文,被认为是关于高空生理学和释压方面最为权威的论文。该文写于当年一架载有高尔夫球手Payne Stewart及其他五位乘客的Lear 35型飞机因不明原因的飞行员失能而失事之后,试图从高空飞行的相关因素的角度,分析可能的事故原因。供职于南航珠海有限公司飞安部的李炜晟把该文翻译成中文,本刊将陆续刊发这篇文章的内容,向读者介绍这方面的知识。     

成为中国最大的国际性酒店管理集团——访胜腾国际酒店集团高级副总裁康家翘

在胜腾国际酒店集团于6月21日至22日上海浦东华美达大酒店召开集团亚太区峰会之际,该集团高级副总裁康家翘先生接受了本报记者的专访。胜腾集团是世界500强企业之一,去年的经营额为200亿美元。该集团已有50多年的历史,主营租车业、房地产业、世纪21、分时渡假和酒店业四大板块。酒店业板块旗下有温德姆(Wyndham)、豪生(HowardJohnson)、华美达(Ramada)、速8(Super8)、戴思(DaysInn)等10大酒店品牌,共有7000多家酒店分布在全球6大洲,有500多万个床位。胜腾国际酒店集团是全球规模最大的酒店集团,也是全球最大的酒店特许经营及管理集团,年…     

Ground-based simulations of cosmic ray heavy ion interactions in spacecraft and planetary habitat shielding materials

This paper surveys some recent accelerator-based measurements of the nuclear fragmentation of high energy nuclei in shielding and tissue-equivalent materials. These data are needed to make accurate predictions of the radiation field produced at depth in spacecraft and planetary habitat shielding materials and in the human body by heavy charged particles in the galactic cosmic radiation. Projectile-target combinations include 1 GeV/nucleon 56Fe incident on aluminum and graphite and 600 MeV/nucleon 56Fe and 290 MeV/nucleon 12C on polyethylene. We present examples of the dependence of fragmentation on material type and thickness, of a comparison between data and a fragmentation model, and of multiple fragments produced along the beam axis.     

Analysis of the pre-flight and post-flight calibration procedures performed on the Liulin space radiation dosimeter

Liulin, a dosimetry-radiometry system, was developed to satisfy the requirements for active flux and dose rate measurements for the flight of the second Bulgarian cosmonaut in 1988. The system consists of a compact battery-operated silicon solid state detector unit and a read/write microcomputer and telemetry unit. We describe the pre-flight calibrations with charged particles, using radioactive sources and accelerated 170 MeV/nucleon proton and alpha particles at the Dubna, Russia cyclotron. We discuss comparisons with data obtained on Mir with the French-built tissue equivalent LET spectrometer NAUSICAA. Lastly, we describe post-flight calibrations performed with 1 GeV/nucleon 56Fe ions at the Brookhaven National Laboratory AGS accelerator, where the instrument was mounted in tandem with several thin position-sensitive silicon detectors behind a stopping target. The silicon detectors provided an energy spectrum for the surviving charged nuclear fragments for which the flux and absorbed dose were recorded by Liulin.     

Dynamic change of ERPs related to selective attention to signals from left and right visual field during head-down tilt

To study further the effect of head-down tilt (HDT) on slow positive potential in the event-related potentials (ERPs), the temporal and spatial features of visual ERPs changes during 2 hour HDT (-10 degrees) were compared with that during HUT (+20 degrees) in 15 normal subjects. The stimuli were consisted of two color LED flashes appeared randomly in left or right visual field (LVF or RVF) with same probability. The subjects were asked to make switch response to target signals (T) differentially: switching to left for T in LVF and to right for T in RVF, ignoring non-target signals(N). Five sets of tests were made during HUT and HDT. ERPs were obtained from 9 locations on scalp. The mean value of the ERPs in the period from 0.32-0.55 s was taken as the amplitude of slow positive potential(P400). The main results were as follows. 1) The mean amplitude of P400 decreased during HDT which was more significant at the 2nd, 3rd and 5th set of tests; 2) spatially, the reduction of mean P400 amplitude during HDT was more significant for signals from RVF and was more significant at posterior and central brain regions than that on frontal locations. As that the positive potential probably reflects the active inhibition activity in the brain during attention process, these data provide further evidence showing that the higher brain function was affected by the simulated weightlessness and that this effect was not only transient but also with interesting spatial characteristics.