固体火箭发动机点火期间的瞬态流动

本文用处理流体动力学方程的计算机程序研究燃烧室中的非稳态流场、并对计算值和试验值作了比较。压力首先在燃烧室尾部上升,随后在头部上升,头、尾两区域间的压力差可能引起推进剂药柱的快速位移(爆裂效应)或过早的破坏。本文介绍了该分析方法应用于一个典型发动机的情况。     

巨型运输机给机场带来的难题

为新一代大型飞机制定机场规划并不比25年前第一架宽体飞机引入时对机场的改造更容易。现代机场更有能力适应地面处理使用600～800座飞机后所带来的地面操作方面的改变。但是,在许多方面所面临的限制也比70年代初时要多。机场管理者为迅速回收机场扩建费用要承受更大的压力,因为纳税人越来越不愿意为改造机场付钱。噪声规定更加严格,城市的延伸问题比当年B747诞生时更为严重。     

跨音速翼型激波的被动控制(英文)

本文提出了在超临界流中减弱翼型激渡的方法。通过数值求解定常跨音速流的无粘、小扰动方程,根据实心翼型或多孔翼型的边界条件,获得了相应的压力分布。比较这两种情况下的压力分布后可以看到,在相当大的M数范围内,多孔冀型出现向后缘逐渐再压缩,未出现强激波。这与人们熟知的超临界翼型的最优化只有在非常接近设计M数和迎角时才是有效的这一事实相反。给定M数和迎角时,可利用计算的多孔翼型的压力分布,来产生外形类似于超临界翼型的实心翼型的压力分布。     

美国陆军导弹高级制导系统的新进展

一九七八年,美国陆军导弹司令部开始进行一项艰巨的研究任务——为未来的导弹发展一种高级制导系统。为了对付具有二十世纪九十年代以及更远时期预计特性的目标,满足当时战场环境所强加的严格要求和约束条件,设想该系统要“远远超越”目前正在研制的各种系统。本文对此课题重新作了详细说明,并且介绍了最新的发展研究规划。同时,还对迄今已经取得的各种成果作了评述,特别是在以下各个方面:目前正用来分析和模拟导弹及其制导系统的各种数学模型;空气动力学;推进系统;正在研究与分析的各种导引规律;扰动调节控制的发展状况;定位与跟踪目标的信号处理和数字化设计方法研究。本文最后一节还列举了得到合同承包者支持的各种未来计划。     

Ethological analysis of a polar team in the French Antarctic station Dumont d'Urville as simulation of space teams for future interplanetary missions

This new ethological study focuses on the co-adaptation of the crew's spatial behavior to social isolation in a polar base thus simulating long-term living and working of a space team. The method consisted in drawing the subjects' position (n=13) on an observation map at the midday and evening meals at the Dumont d'Urville French station in Antarctica, daily during the summer campaigns and weekly during the winter-over of the TA46 mission. Quantitative data are presented in geocentric (positions), allocentric (distances) and egocentric (orientations) analyses with an emphasis on three adaptative periods (first 3 months, intermediary 2 months and last 3 months of isolation). Results show a large space occupancy during the first week after arrival and the last week before departure from the polar base, and a team-members' grouping during the winter-over. On the over-all time, the inter-individual distances increase. The social orientations are higher at the beginning than at the end of the mission. Discussion underlies the pertinent use of such ethological indicators collected from polar stations as predictors of well-being and optimal-working of the future orbital and planetary stations users.     

A culture-independent survey of the bacterial community in a radon hot spring

Paralana is an active, radon-containing hot spring situated in a region of South Australia's Flinders Ranges with a long history of hydrothermal activity. Our aim was to determine the bacterial composition of Paralana using a culture-independent, 16S rRNA-based technique. The presence of a diverse bacterial community was strongly suggested by the large number (approximately 180) of different ribotypes obtained upon analysis of nine hot spring samples. DNA sequencing of Paralana 16S rRNA genes corroborated this observation, identifying representatives of seven confirmed and two candidate divisions of the domain Bacteria. These included Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria (both beta and delta subdivisions), the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides group, Low G + C Gram-positives, Nitrospira, green non-sulfur bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, OP8, and OP12. No known ionizing radiation-resistant Bacteria were identified. Only one Paralana 16S rRNA sequence type (recombinant B5D) was homologous to a sequence previously identified from a radioactive environment.     

固体推进剂裂缝弹道结构分析

本文采用一种计算机程序来预测燃烧时固体推进剂药柱裂缝内的弹道压力相互作用效应及压力引起的裂缝增长问题。本分析系统成功地将断裂力学有限元程序与弹道和裂缝燃烧计算程序结合起来,通过计算机程序,求出燃烧过程中每一时刻的变形和燃烧分布图。本法考虑了药柱表面和裂缝内侧面由燃烧引起的压力载荷,相应地提出了推进剂药柱因燃烧引起的断裂问题。本程序的设计区别了裂缝的燃完和裂缝的失控扩展。本程序业已改进,可用来处理由于点火器的变化和火焰传播效应引起的点火瞬变现象。     

Challenges of assuring crew safety in space shuttle missions with international cargoes

The top priority in America's manned space flight program is the assurance of crew and vehicle safety. This priority gained greater focus during and after the Space Shuttle return-to-flight mission (STS-26). One of the interesting challenges has been to assure crew safety and adequate protection of the Space Shuttle, as a national resource, from increasingly diverse cargoes and operations. The control of hazards associated with the deployment of complex payloads and cargoes has involved many international participants. These challenges are examined in some detail along with examples of how crew safety has evolved in the manned space program and how the international partners have addressed various scenarios involving control and mitigation of potential hazards to crew and vehicle safety.     

多孔药柱燃气发生器的燃速变化和重现性

研完了多孔药柱燃气发生器的燃速变化特性。对几种装药量为0.5～150kg、有19～235个平行圆孔的药柱的设计进行了评价。主要讨论了多孔药柱与通常的中孔内部燃烧药柱燃速变化曲线的形状和大小的差别,不同的多孔药柱之间的差别,这些效应与弹道预测的关系,多孔药柱的压力一时间曲线重现性分析。分析采用了燃速和燃面的点火前及点火后的弹道性能评估,也考虑了侵蚀燃烧、侵蚀和沉积引起的喉面变化及特性速度变化的影响。从多孔药柱燃气发生器的点火后分析,推导出多孔药柱一般燃速变化曲线,使性能预测精度提高达3%。多孔药柱燃气发生器的性能重现性很好。高燃速发生器最大压力偏差小于3%,低燃速发生器最大压力偏差小于5%。     

航天发动机用的低密度绝热层的研制

业已公认,减轻航天发动机的消极重量是十分必要的。其中的一项措施是研制和应用先进的复合材料发动机壳体,如计划于八十年代初期发射的MAGE欧洲远地点发动机所做的那样。但是,通过降低壳体内绝热层材料密度,还可以进一步降低发动机消极重量。由于认识到了这样做的必要性,从而开展了本文所述的新型低密度橡胶复合材料的研制工作。这些橡胶材料,大体上都以三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)为基体,以石棉为填料,以过氧化物为固化剂,适用于装丁羧推进剂和丁羟推进剂的发动机。所述的研制计划除研究了配方技术,调整热性能、烧蚀性能和力学性能以满足发动机要求外,还研究了加工工艺的最佳化,包括易于固化以及和壳体推进剂的粘接性能。