科学家怎么证明暗物质存在？

怎么解释“我们所看到的宇宙必须有暗物质和暗能量”？暗物质和暗能量是观测误差吗？目前已观测到的宇宙现象，必须要通过暗物质和暗能量才能解释吗？这个观点是否已经被科学家广泛接受？     

宇航员UFO目击事件大起底——美国颜空航天局有关UFO的几个问题

问：美国航空航天局到底有没有认真对待公众对UFO事件的狂热？ 答：根据我的经验，但凡被明确且正式问及，美国航空航天局都会出台一些官方指南，力图为公众提供有用的信息并给予指导和解释，但这些举措往往被无视或者故意曲解了。根据从美国航空航天局负责公众信息工作的人员那里获取的信息，我必须非常遗憾地说，上述工作人员认为他们的工作在某种程度上对公众没有帮助，     

Robust monomer-distribution biosignatures in evolving digital biota

Because organisms synthesize component molecules at rates that reflect those molecules' adaptive utility, we expect a population of biota to leave a distinctive chemical signature on its environment that is anomalous given the local (abiotic) chemistry. We observe the same effect in the distribution of computer instructions used by an evolving population of digital organisms, and we characterize the robustness of the evolved signature with respect to a number of different changes in the system's physics. The observed instruction abundance anomaly has features that are consistent over a large number of evolutionary trials and alterations in system parameters, which makes it a candidate for a non-Earth-centric life diagnostic.     

A microbial oasis in the hypersaline Atacama subsurface discovered by a life detector chip: implications for the search for life on Mars

The Atacama Desert has long been considered a good Mars analogue for testing instrumentation for planetary exploration, but very few data (if any) have been reported about the geomicrobiology of its salt-rich subsurface. We performed a Mars analogue drilling campaign next to the Salar Grande (Atacama, Chile) in July 2009, and several cores and powder samples from up to 5?m deep were analyzed in situ with LDChip300 (a Life Detector Chip containing 300 antibodies). Here, we show the discovery of a hypersaline subsurface microbial habitat associated with halite-, nitrate-, and perchlorate-containing salts at 2?m deep. LDChip300 detected bacteria, archaea, and other biological material (DNA, exopolysaccharides, some peptides) from the analysis of less than 0.5?g of ground core sample. The results were supported by oligonucleotide microarray hybridization in the field and finally confirmed by molecular phylogenetic analysis and direct visualization of microbial cells bound to halite crystals in the laboratory. Geochemical analyses revealed a habitat with abundant hygroscopic salts like halite (up to 260?g kg(-1)) and perchlorate (41.13?μg g(-1) maximum), which allow deliquescence events at low relative humidity. Thin liquid water films would permit microbes to proliferate by using detected organic acids like acetate (19.14?μg g(-1)) or formate (76.06?μg g(-1)) as electron donors, and sulfate (15875?μg g(-1)), nitrate (13490?μg g(-1)), or perchlorate as acceptors. Our results correlate with the discovery of similar hygroscopic salts and possible deliquescence processes on Mars, and open new search strategies for subsurface martian biota. The performance demonstrated by our LDChip300 validates this technology for planetary exploration, particularly for the search for life on Mars.     

Putative fossilized fungi from the lithified volcaniclastic apron of Gran Canaria, Spain

We report the discovery of fossilized filamentous structures in samples of the lithified, volcaniclastic apron of Gran Canaria, which were obtained during Leg 157 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). These filamentous structures are 2-15 μm in diameter and several hundred micrometers in length and are composed of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, Ti, and C. Chitin was detected in the filamentous structures by staining with wheat germ agglutinin dye conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (WGA-FITC), which suggests that they are fossilized fungal hyphae. The further elucidation of typical filamentous fungal morphological features, such as septa, hyphal bridges, and anastomosis and their respective sizes, support this interpretation. Characteristic structures that we interpreted as fossilized spores were also observed in association with the putative hyphae. The fungal hyphae were found in pyroxene phenocrysts and in siderite pseudomorphs of a basalt breccia. The fungal colonization of the basalt clasts occurred after the brecciation but prior to the final emplacement and lithification of the sediment at ～16-14 Ma. The siderite appears to have been partially dissolved by the presence of fungal hyphae, and the fungi preferentially colonized Fe-rich carbonates over Fe-poor carbonates (aragonite). Our findings indicate that fungi may be an important geobiological agent in subseafloor environments and an important component of the deep subseafloor biosphere, and that hydrothermal environments associated with volcanism can support a diverse ecosystem, including eukaryotes.     

Survival of Deinococcus radiodurans against laboratory-simulated solar wind charged particles

In this experimental study, cells of the radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans were exposed to several different sources of radiation chosen to replicate the charged particles found in the solar wind. Naked cells or cells mixed with dust grains (basalt or sandstone) differing in elemental composition were exposed to electrons, protons, and ions to determine the probability of cell survival after irradiation. Doses necessary to reduce the viability of cell population to 10% (LD(10)) were determined under different experimental conditions. The results of this study indicate that low-energy particle radiation (2-4?keV), typically present in the slow component of the solar wind, had no effect on dehydrated cells, even if exposed at fluences only reached in more than 1000 years at Sun-Earth distance (1 AU). Higher-energy ions (200?keV) found in solar flares would inactivate 90% of exposed cells after several events in less than 1 year at 1 AU. When mixed with dust grains, LD(10) increases about 10-fold. These results show that, compared to the highly deleterious effects of UV radiation, solar wind charged particles are relatively benign, and organisms protected under grains from UV radiation would also be protected from the charged particles considered in this study.     

挥舞调节角对与铰接式桨叶最大和最小挥舞角相应的挥舞运动振幅和方位的影响

本文详细地阐述了挥舞调节器的作用,并以精确地数学表达式给出挥舞调节角对挥舞运动的振幅和方位的影响,指出如何布置自动倾斜器的操纵节点才能消除纵、横向的操纵干扰。     

相对稳固的公务喷气机维修市场

FAA预期2002年全美通用航空喷气机的飞行小时数会从2001年的272万小时略增至278万小时,2003年能增加到287万小时,到2013年将达到440万小时。FAA在未来10年的预测中,期望通用航空喷气机的飞行小时数会逐年增加（见附表）。 另外,FAA预测通用航空喷气机将从2001年的7150架增至今年的7300架。在未来10年,通用航空喷气机规模将持续扩大,到2013年通用航空喷气机将达到10850架。 虽然预测前景一片光明,可经济衰退对公务航空MRO市场或多或少还是产生了一些影响。 许多公司暂缓公务飞机内部翻新和重新喷漆等费用昂贵的项目,要等待经济     

太空科技 反哺希望 ISS最具影响力的十项研究成果大盘点

在十项研究成果中，排名倒数第一的是，通过饮食和锻炼防止太空中的骨质丢失，这始于早期对国际空间站航天员骨质丢失方面的研究。据空间站历史记载，航天员的骨密度丧失量约为15％／月，这相当于女性绝经后全年的骨质丢失量。为此，科学家们开始着眼于乘员的日常饮食和锻炼，并配备了一些锻炼器械。结论是，一套持续的高强度锻炼和适量的维生素D与热量的正确结合，是骨健康的关键。该成果有助于了解骨在人体内的形成和维持机制，因而引人注目。     

JSF计划办公室将加速JSF备用主发动机的研究进度

JSF计划办公室可能加速GE/艾利逊/罗-罗研究组的YF120-FX备用主发动机的研究进度,这可减少在早期采购JSF时对只有一种发动机的依靠。关于这种发动机进度安排的协商是在5月中旬进行的。据称,如果协调结果像制造商预计的那样,则第一台全尺寸备用主发动机的地面试验将在2002年春进行。虽然这仍在现有计划进度内,但这比发动机制造商原来计划提前约两年。按原来计划,该备选主发动机的第三阶段地面试验将在2000～2004财年期间进行。