Biomedical program of the ALTAIR french russian flight onboard the MIR station

One year after the achievemant of the 2 weeks ANTARES french-russian mission in the MIR station in July 1992, a 22 days ALTAÏR mission with a french cosmonaut has been performed in July 1993, making use of the scientific payload remaining on board. Taking benefit of the analysis of the previous mission, the experimental protocols were adapted to refine scientific objectives and gave to the scientists the opportunity to enhance quantitatively and qualitatively their results. The french biomedical program, conducted in close scientific cooperation with IMBP and associated laboratories, was composed of 8 experiments out of which 2 were new with regards to the ANTARES program. In the field of cardio-vascular physiology and fluid regulation, the experiments: ORTHOSTATISME, DIURESE have been renewed and complemented by the TISSU experiment (proposed by a german scientist) and a real-time tele-assistance program using US echography technic and ground support from the french CADMOS support control center located in Toulouse. With respect to neurosciences objectives, to the experiments VIMINAL (cognitive processes) and ILLUSIONS (study of proprioceptives cues), was added the SYNERGIES experiment to analyse the postural adjustements during movement. The IMMUNOLOGIE experiment carried on and the radiobiological experiment BIODOSE ended.

Adding the results of the 2 missions ANTARES and ALTAÏR, and the data obtained in between onboard with russian cosmonauts, the scientists have received a wealth of physiological data and gained reproducibility and confidence in their results.     

数字波束形成合成孔径雷达

阐述了最近在Astrium完成的两项SAR研究，简述了大地测量合成孔径成像雷达X型（TSX）卫星的能力。两项研究是在SAR成像模式时采用新颖天线波束形成概念的高分辨率宽条带成像雷达（HRWS）和LCMA（低成本多个馈电天线）。分析了它们的设计、性能和样机框图，并将它们与采用有源相控阵天线的TSX—SAR进行了比较。     

“阿里安”L5发动机的研制状况

“阿里安”L5是欧洲研制的最重要的中等推力级可贮存的二元推进剂发动机.它采用了多元件喷射器的设计原理,这种喷射器使用多个同轴喷射元件、一个燃料再生冷却燃烧室和一个辐射冷却的喷管扩展段.研制该发动机各部件所运用的技术与MBB-ERNO公司研制“阿里安”HM7液氧/液氢发动机时运用的技术相类似,但由于L5发动机的推进剂具有二元的基本特性,故现有的液氧/液氢技术只能部分采纳.对此MBB-ERNO公司提出了一项实验性计划来论证同轴式喷射器原理的可行性.L5发动机的研制工作包括整台发动机的设计及推进分系统的布局.叙述L5发动机的设计、性能和工作特性,以及研制状况,重点介绍目前正在研制的喷射器.     

多功能宽带阵列的设计

采用新设计、研制的宽带辐射元和宽带单片微波集成电路（ＭＭＩＣ）验证了工作在Ｃ、Ｘ和Ｋｕ波段的高性能有源阵列，先进的共用孔径计划（ＡＳＡＰ）探索了能够同时具有或分时交替完成雷达、电子战及通信功能的宽带多功能阵列。在计划执行过程中完成了两个回合的辐射元和发射／接收（Ｔ／Ｒ）模块设计。本文归纳了辐射孔径设计方法、整个阵列的概念和目前的设计技术和性能。     

MX导弹第三级样机评价

本文评述赫克力斯公司正在为空军研制的MX导弹第三级的设计。第三级固体发动机的许多部件和材料都选用了最新的技术。这些新技术包括:带有碳复合材料裙的凯夫拉49发动机壳体;二维和三维碳/碳复合材料的轻型喷管;硝酸酯增塑的聚醚推进剂(NEPE),这种推进剂比冲高、延伸率大;以及两节套筒式可延伸出口锥(EEC)。这些新技术的应用提高了整个发动机的性能。本文对第三级的设计及其主要部件都作了概要介绍。为了说明MX第三级的设计是切实可行的,还将MX第三级各部件设计与以前研制的发动机作了比较。     

Long-term manipulations of intact microbial mat communities in a greenhouse collaboratory: simulating earth's present and past field environments

Photosynthetic microbial mat communities were obtained from marine hypersaline saltern ponds, maintained in a greenhouse facility, and examined for the effects of salinity variations. Because these microbial mats are considered to be useful analogs of ancient marine communities, they offer insights about evolutionary events during the >3 billion year time interval wherein mats co-evolved with Earth's lithosphere and atmosphere. Although photosynthetic mats can be highly dynamic and exhibit extremely high activity, the mats in the present study have been maintained for >1 year with relatively minor changes. The major groups of microorganisms, as assayed using microscopic, genetic, and biomarker methodologies, are essentially the same as those in the original field samples. Field and greenhouse mats were similar with respect to rates of exchange of oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon across the mat-water interface, both during the day and at night. Field and greenhouse mats exhibited similar rates of efflux of methane and hydrogen. Manipulations of salinity in the water overlying the mats produced changes in the community that strongly resemble those observed in the field. A collaboratory testbed and an array of automated features are being developed to support remote scientific experimentation with the assistance of intelligent software agents. This facility will permit teams of investigators the opportunity to explore ancient environmental conditions that are rare or absent today but that might have influenced the early evolution of these photosynthetic ecosystems.     

Cardiovascular deconditioning during weightlessness simulation and the use of lower body negative pressure as a countermeasure to orthostatic intolerance

The cardiovascular function is one of the main disturbed by weightlessness: it is particularly affected by the astronaut's return to Earth, where symptoms linked to the cardiovascular deconditioning syndrom appear in the following forms: (1) orthostatic intolerance with its risk of syncope: (2) higher submaximal oxygen consumption for an equivalent work load. Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) is intended to stimulate the venous system of the lower limbs; however, the specific effects of periodical LBNP sessions on the orthostatic intolerance have never been studied. With this objective in mind, 5 volunteers took part in two recent antiorthostatic bedrest experiments for 30 days. In the first experiment 3 subjects were submitted to several sessions of LBNP experiment per day and 2 others were controls; in the second experiment the LBNP group of the 1st one became controls and vice-versa. Two orthostatic investigations were performed: (1) 5 days before the bedrest; (2) at the end of the 30 day bedrest period. The results showed: (1) when the subjects were control, a high orthostatic intolerance post bedrest with 3 syncopes and one presyncopal state during the first minutes of the tilt test; (2) when the subjects were submitted to LBNP sessions, no orthostatic intolerance.     

Evaluation of spontaneous baroreflex response after 28 days head down tilt bedrest

The spontaneous baroreflex response was evaluated during supine rest and head up tilt (60 degrees) before and immediately after a 28 day 6 degrees HDT bedrest in 6 healthy adult men (age 30-42 years). Sequences of 3 or more beats where RR-interval and systolic blood pressure changed in the same direction were used to evaluate baroreflex response slope (BRS). Prior to bedrest, the mean BRS and RR-interval were 18.0 +/- 3.9 ms/mm Hg and 926 +/- 61 ms at rest and 10.5 +/- 2.5 ms/mm Hg and 772 +/- 63 ms during the first 10 min of 60 degrees tilt. Following bedrest, these values changed to 15.6 +/- 2.7 ms/mm Hg and 780 +/- 53 ms at rest, and to 6.5 +/- 1.2 ms/mm Hg and 636 +/- 44 ms during tilt. Thus, (1) the spontaneous baroreflex can be evaluated in human subjects during experiments of orthostatic stress; (2) the baroreflex slope was reduced on going from supine to the head up tilt position; and (3) 28 days of bedrest reduced the spontaneous baroreflex slope.     

采用二极管检波器的双六端口网络分析仪

介绍了一种采用二极管检波器的双六端口网络分析仪的性能,这种网络分析仪在2—18GHz频带内采用商品低势垒肖特基二极管。本文描述了校准偏离平方律特性的二极管的方法。给出的测量结果,揭示了六端口网络分析仪测量单端口和二端口器件的准确度和精密度。     

电动激振器 第一章 激振器的基本特征

近十多年来,随着科学技术、特别是航空和宇航技术的发展,作为振动环境试验主要技术手段的电动激振系统获得了迅速的发展。由于电子技术的革新,数字技术在振动试验控制、测量和数据处理中的应用,以及电动激振器性能的不断提高,不仅使电动激振系统广泛地应用于各种产品的可靠性检验,而且还应用于产品特性和可靠性的预示,成为产品设计的重要工具之一。因此,研制和生产性能优良的激振系统,并在试验中合理地使用这些系统,对于缩短产品研制周期、降低成本和提高可靠性具有重要的作用。本书着重介绍了电动激振器的工作原理和结构,概述了改进激振器性能的方法。通过对大量专利和现有电动激振系统的分析,提出了激振系统的发展趋势。本书可供科研设计人员、从事振动试验和激振系统研制和生产的人员参考。上角数码为书中原注,带圈的上角数码为译者加的注释,两者皆排于当页或次页之下。由于译者水平所限,译文不确切甚至错误之处,在所难免,恳请读者批评指正。