结构可靠性设计中的判定理论

在宇航结构可靠性分析方法的基础上,本文引入了试验方案选择概念,并根据统计判定理论推出了一套判定法。应用这个方法对给定结构部件可决定最佳成本效应设计的因子和试验方案。最后以土星V和航天机的几个结构组件为例,算出了结果。由此结果可以看出:设计费用与重量对最优判据有显著影响。     

用液体喷射作为固体推进剂火箭的推力方向控制

简介液体二次喷射推力方向控制是用液体喷入喷管的排气锥使火箭的喷气偏转,来实现控制的。最好选择浓而又可反应的液体以便增加超音速排气的质量、能量和在超音速排气中产生的冲波。这种特性使受影响的喷气增加推力,不仅产生了用于控制的侧向力,而且增加了轴向推力。这篇论文介绍了现有液体喷射推力方向控制技术的简况,包括设计的程序、研制、     

孔、轮廓和表面(六)

第四章工程定位设备的准则(二) 热膨胀——当温度变化时,不同材料之间膨胀系数的差别是很大的。铝 12.3青铜 9.9钢 6.2铸铁 6.0碳化钨(硬质合金) 3.3因钢 1.5温度每变化华氏一度时,材料每时长度(25.4毫米)的线值膨胀量(以微时计,1微时=0.025微米)。热膨胀的重要性可以通过下面的例子得到验证:一个10时长的钢块规,在温度上升10°F时,其伸长量将大于万分之五时,这说明,这类变化在精密测量中确实是不容忽视的。     

Space motion sickness medications: interference with biomedical parameters

The possibility that drugs administered to Skylab 3 (SL-3) and 4 (SL-4) crewmen for space motion sickness may have interfered with their biomedical evaluation in space was investigated. Healthy volunteers received combinations of Scopolamine/Dexedrine for four days in regimens similar to those used in these missions. Urine samples, heart rate, body temperature, mood and performance were analyzed for drug-related changes. Twenty-four hour urine samples were analyzed by the same procedures as those used to analyze the flight samples. Hormone concentrations determined included cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In addition, volume, specific gravity, osmolarity, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), inorganic phosphate, uric acid and creatinine were measured. Performance was not affected by the Scopolamine/Dexedrine. The drug combination increased daily mean heart rate (HR) significantly in all the subjects and daily mean rectal temperature (RT) in some of the subjects. A 2-4 hr phase shift in the HR circadian rhythm was also observed which indicates that internal circadian synchrony was disturbed by the drugs. Psychological and subjective evaluation indicated that the subjects could usually identify which days they were given the drugs by an increase in tension and anxiety, decreased patience, restlessness, decreased appetite, difficulty in sleeping and feelings of increased heart rate and body temperature. Urinary electrolytes were not changed significantly by the drug, but marked and significant changes occurred in urine volume and hormone excretion patterns. Scopolamine/Dexedrine caused consistent elevations in urinary cortisol and epinephrine and a transient elevation in ADH. Norepinephrine excretion was decreased, but there was no significant change in aldosterone excretion or in 24 hr urine volume. A comparison of these findings with the first four days of inflight data from the SL-3 and SL-4 missions leads to the conclusion that the dramatic increases in aldosterone excretion during the first three days of spaceflight probably can be directly attributed to weightlessness, whereas the antimotion sickness medication could have substantially contributed to the early increased excretion of epinephrine and cortisol during these missions.     

卫星激光测距中的大气折射修正

大气折射会使卫星激光测距(SLR)系统产生显著的误差。可用两种方法来修正这些误差。光线轨迹证明了基于地面压力、温度以及相对湿度测量值的大气模型,当仰角大于20°时,可精确到几个厘米以内。此模型中的残差主要是由折射率的水平梯度而产生的。尽管导出了几种模型来预测这种梯度影响,但初步研究表明它们对地形影响很敏感。大气湍流能使折射率产生随机起伏,但在仰角低于10°时仅产生厘米级的误差。双色脉冲系统能直接测量出卫星测距中的大气延迟。该系统需要用锁模多频激光器和基于高速扫描摄影机的接收机,目前可以0.5cm以上的精度测量大气延迟。