聚焦航空公司的节油策略

在民航业，油耗是运营商最大的成本支出。受经济和环保等因素影响，节油已成为运营商关心的头等大事。 美国航空运输协会（ATA）2012年1月的最新行业报告显示，从2000年至2011年第二季度，航空燃油费用涨幅高达267％，成为运营成本中上增涨最快的部分。ATA还表示，即使航空公司的用油量增加不多，但支出增加依然很大。     

制造工艺的明天——开放式创新模式助推航空航天产业实现变革

材料、制造工艺的创新以及开放式的创新协作模式，将重塑航空航天行业的明天。     

苏联首批女航天员是怎样诞生的

1962年，苏联的5位女性——瓦连京娜·捷列什科娃、兰娜·约尔金娜、塔季扬娜·库兹涅佐娃、瓦连京娜·波诺马廖娃、伊琳娜·索洛维约娃在航天时代刚刚来临之际加入了世界上第一支女子航天员大队。不过除了瓦连京娜·捷列什科娃外，其他几位女航天员最终也未能实现飞天的梦想。这几位苏联女性是怎样当上航天员的？她们离开航天员大队后做了什么？目前生活得怎么样？     

小行星远距离抵近轨道

讨论了小行星引力一阶项可被忽略情况下的小行星远距离轨道设计及动力学。此时,航天器的运动受太阳引力和太阳光压的影响。航天器和小行星的加速度之差在这两者之间形成的独特的相对动力学,为航天器在小行星附近停驻与观测提供特定轨道。完整解决了小行星处于圆形日心轨道这一较简单情况,也考虑和阐述了椭圆轨道情况,并取得了一些初步结果。     

三元乙丙橡胶/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备和性能研究

以马来酸酐接枝的EPDM齐聚物(EPDM-g-MAH)作为相容剂,用熔体插层的方法成功制备了EPDM／蒙脱土纳米复合材料,研究了材料形成的机理。X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观测的结果表明,所制备的纳米复合材料为剥离型结构。与微米级复合材料相比。其力学性能和耐热性能提高。     

军机维修市场预测

据航空战略咨询公司预测,西方国家的军用飞机的维护、修理和大修(MRO)开支今年将达到607亿美元,而2007年的开支为599亿美元.其中,美国军用飞机MRO的开支超过50%,为310亿美元.日本、法国、以色列、英国和韩国紧随其后,但其总数仅为美国军机MRO开支的三分之一.     

Hydrogeologic controls on episodic H2 release from precambrian fractured rocks--energy for deep subsurface life on earth and mars

Dissolved H(2) concentrations up to the mM range and H(2) levels up to 9-58% by volume in the free gas phase are reported for groundwaters at sites in the Precambrian shields of Canada and Finland. Along with previously reported dissolved H(2) concentrations up to 7.4 mM for groundwaters from the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa, these findings indicate that deep Precambrian Shield fracture waters contain some of the highest levels of dissolved H(2) ever reported and represent a potentially important energy-rich environment for subsurface microbial life. The delta (2)H isotope signatures of H(2) gas from Canada, Finland, and South Africa are consistent with a range of H(2)-producing water-rock reactions, depending on the geologic setting, which include both serpentinization and radiolysis. In Canada and Finland, several of the sites are in Archean greenstone belts characterized by ultramafic rocks that have under-gone serpentinization and may be ancient analogues for serpentinite-hosted gases recently reported at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field and other hydrothermal seafloor deposits. The hydrogeologically isolated nature of these fracture-controlled groundwater systems provides a mechanism whereby the products of water-rock interaction accumulate over geologic timescales, which produces correlations between high H(2) levels, abiogenic hydrocarbon signatures, and the high salinities and highly altered delta (18)O and delta (2)H values of these groundwaters. A conceptual model is presented that demonstrates how periodic opening of fractures and resultant mixing control the distribution and supply of H(2) and support a microbial community of H(2)-utilizing sulfate reducers and methanogens.     

A reappraisal of the habitability of planets around M dwarf stars

Stable, hydrogen-burning, M dwarf stars make up about 75% of all stars in the Galaxy. They are extremely long-lived, and because they are much smaller in mass than the Sun (between 0.5 and 0.08 M(Sun)), their temperature and stellar luminosity are low and peaked in the red. We have re-examined what is known at present about the potential for a terrestrial planet forming within, or migrating into, the classic liquid-surface-water habitable zone close to an M dwarf star. Observations of protoplanetary disks suggest that planet-building materials are common around M dwarfs, but N-body simulations differ in their estimations of the likelihood of potentially habitable, wet planets that reside within their habitable zones, which are only about one-fifth to 1/50th of the width of that for a G star. Particularly in light of the claimed detection of the planets with masses as small as 5.5 and 7.5 M(Earth) orbiting M stars, there seems no reason to exclude the possibility of terrestrial planets. Tidally locked synchronous rotation within the narrow habitable zone does not necessarily lead to atmospheric collapse, and active stellar flaring may not be as much of an evolutionarily disadvantageous factor as has previously been supposed. We conclude that M dwarf stars may indeed be viable hosts for planets on which the origin and evolution of life can occur. A number of planetary processes such as cessation of geothermal activity or thermal and nonthermal atmospheric loss processes may limit the duration of planetary habitability to periods far shorter than the extreme lifetime of the M dwarf star. Nevertheless, it makes sense to include M dwarf stars in programs that seek to find habitable worlds and evidence of life. This paper presents the summary conclusions of an interdisciplinary workshop (http://mstars.seti.org) sponsored by the NASA Astrobiology Institute and convened at the SETI Institute.     

新时期航空航天工业的标准战略

本文是荣获美国庆祝2004年世界标准日论文竞赛头奖的作品,中心内容是在新世纪航空航天工业如何在广泛国际合作,信息技术迅猛发展的环境下结合本行业的实际,制定并适时调整其标准战略。文中分析问题的方法,解决问题的思路具有某种普遍意义,现将该文详细摘译刊登于下,供参考。     

Martian CH(4): sources, flux, and detection

Recent observations have detected trace amounts of CH(4) heterogeneously distributed in the martian atmosphere, which indicated a subsurface CH(4) flux of ~2 x 10(5) to 2 x 10(9) cm(2) s(1). Four different origins for this CH(4) were considered: (1) volcanogenic; (2) sublimation of hydrate- rich ice; (3) diffusive transport through hydrate-saturated cryosphere; and (4) microbial CH(4) generation above the cryosphere. A diffusive flux model of the martian crust for He, H(2), and CH(4) was developed based upon measurements of deep fracture water samples from South Africa. This model distinguishes between abiogenic and microbial CH(4) sources based upon their isotopic composition, and couples microbial CH(4) production to H(2) generation by H(2)O radiolysis. For a He flux of approximately 10(5) cm(2) s(1) this model yields an abiogenic CH(4) flux and a microbial CH(4) flux of approximately 10(6) and approximately 10(9) cm(2) s(1), respectively. This flux will only reach the martian surface if CH(4) hydrate is saturated in the cryosphere; otherwise it will be captured within the cryosphere. The sublimation of a hydrate-rich cryosphere could generate the observed CH(4) flux, whereas microbial CH(4) production in a hypersaline environment above the hydrate stability zone only seems capable of supplying approximately 10(5) cm(2) s(1) of CH(4). The model predicts that He/H(2)/CH(4)/C(2)H(6) abundances and the C and H isotopic values of CH(4) and the C isotopic composition of C(2)H(6) could reveal the different sources. Cavity ring-down spectrometers represent the instrument type that would be most capable of performing the C and H measurements of CH(4) on near future rover missions and pinpointing the cause and source of the CH(4) emissions.