导弹性能和喷管/可延伸扩散段(EEC)设计变量之间的参数关系

1 引言在战略导弹系统容积受到限制的约束下,设计具有最高性能的发动机装入有效的外壳中,而同时又能满足系统设计和操纵的所有要求,包括载荷、重量和射程的要求,这个问题是很重要的。对导弹性能有很大影响的一个关键设计参数是发动机喷管的膨胀比。在容积有限的条件下,为了要做到大的喷管膨胀比,现实的设计方法是应用可延伸扩散段(EEC)~#。本     

电子战系统的接收装置

详细介绍了晶体视频放大接收机、布雷格小室接收机和照射告警接收机等6种电子战接收机的功用、主要性能和优缺点,给出了它们的比较结果.指出改善电子战接收机性能的主要途径是在现行方案中加装毫米波通道.最后讨论了告警接收机的三种可能的方案.     

机载阵列雷达抑制运动杂波的学习算法

一种称为自适应空时处理器(STP)的线性滤波器是一种相对比较新的方法，它使机载阵列天线雷达目标检测概率达到最大。理论上，全自适应STP可以实时获得最优解(一种维恩滤波器)。但是，实际上全自适应STP也存在一些问题。首先，线性滤波器的加权数可能非常大。其次，单一加权矢量的计算复杂度大约为O(MN)^3。再次，STP为线性滤波器但却工作在非线性不稳定的环境中。这些问题导致采用空时处理器传统技术的实时、最佳处理是现行计算技术内所不及的。为使运动杂波对目标检测的影响最小，本文探讨了人工神经网络和几种学习算法的可应用性。人工神经网络是一种自适应、并行、分布式处理系统，可以实时完成复杂计算。学习算法的机理是为了存储新的信息或变更信息，人工神经网络中的长期存储器要不断更新而又不被破坏。由于学习算法既能在系统的使用期内保留信息又能变更信息，所以对雷达系统的计算要求降到了最低，同时还能适应环境的变化。     

CASH 2021: commercial access and space habitation

Issues about commercialization of space have been a growing concern in the past decade for the space community. This paper focuses on the work from a team of 51 students attending the Summer Session Program of the International Space University in Bremen, Germany. CASH 2021 (Commercial Access and Space Habitation) documents a plan that identifies commercial opportunities for space utilization that will extend human presence in space, and will chart the way forward for the next 20 years. The group selected four commercial sectors that show the most promise for the future: tourism, entertainment, space system service, assembly and debris removal, and research and development/production. The content of this document presents the results of their research. Historical activities in each of the commercial sectors are reviewed along with the current market situation. To provide a coherent background for future commercialization possibilities a scenario has been developed. This scenario includes a postulated upon ideal future and includes social, political and economic factors that may affect the space industry over the timeline of the study. The study also presents a roadmap, within the limited optimistic scenario developed, for the successful commercialization of space leading to future human presence in space. A broad range of commercially viable opportunities, not only within the current limits of the International Space Station, but also among the many new developments that are expected by 2021 are discussed.     

用于地表和亚地表探测的多频极化合成孔径雷达

本文介绍了用于地表和亚地表观测的机载多频极化SAR“IMARC”。改进的SAR系统包括了4个频段（X、L、P和VHF），相应的波长分别为4cm、23cm、68cm和254cm。这种SAR能以不同线性的极化（VV、HH、VH和HV）从飞机的左右两侧进行测量。空间分辨率在X波段为1．5～3m，L波段为4～6m，P波段为6～8m和VHF波段为8～16m。该系统采集并处理雷达数据以获得实时图像。这种SAR系统将用于测定土壤水文表面，调查植被、雪、冰层和冻土的特征，对人造目标和自然目标以及各种自然界异常现象进行定位亚地表探测。     

低成本航天任务保障设想

本文提出了一种新的端－端地面系统的结构，目的是减少总的航天任务任务地面支持费用。喷气推进实验室（ＪＰＬ）现用地面系统的操作、维护、部署、再生产和文件资料费用很大。在ＮＡＳＡ预算被削减这样一种气氛下，本文提出的结构由于能大幅度降低上述各项费用，从而更有现实意义。目前，地面支持功能（即接收机、跟踪、测距、遥测、遥控、监视和控制）分布在不同机柜中的几个分系统中。利用现有的多芯片模块（ＭＣＭ）封装技术，这     

A viable microbial community in a subglacial volcanic crater lake, Iceland

We describe a viable microbial community in a subglacial lake within the Grímsv?tn volcanic caldera, Iceland. We used a hot water drill to penetrate the 300-m ice shelf and retrieved lake water and volcanic tephra sediments. We also acquired samples of borehole water before and after penetration to the lake, overlying glacial ice and snow, and water from a nearby subaerial geothermal lake for comparative analyses. Lake water is at the freezing point and fresh (total dissolved solids = 260 mg L(-1)). Detectable numbers of cells were found in samples of the lake water column and tephra sediments: 2 x 10(4) ml(-1) and 4 x 10(7) g(-1), respectively. Plate counts document abundant cold-adapted cultivable organisms in the lake water, but not in the borehole (before penetration) or glacial ice. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from genomic DNA extracted from Grímsv?tn samples indicates that the lake community is distinct from the assemblages of organisms in borehole water (before penetration) and the overlying ice and snow. Sequencing of selected DGGE bands revealed that many sequences are highly similar to known psychrophilic organisms or cloned DNA from other cold environments. Significant uptake of 14C-labeled bicarbonate occurred in dark, low-temperature incubations of lake water samples, indicating the presence of autotrophs. Acetylene reduction assays under similar incubation conditions showed no significant nitrogen fixation potential by lake water samples. This may be a consequence of the inhibition of diazotrophy by nitrogen in the lake.     

World Space Congress: a vision quest

The World Space Congress (WSC) in October, 2002, brought together luminaries, aerospace engineers, students, and scientists to discuss strategies for reviving the world's space agency. WSC lectures and plenary sessions focused on future research in space. Among topics discussed are the use of the Hubble Space Telescope to scan for habitable planets and obtain data about the beginning of the universe, new weather satellites, planetary protection from comets or asteroids, exploration and establishment of colonies on the Moon and Mars, medical advances, the role of space exploration in the world economy.     

UV photochemistry of DNA in vitro and in Bacillus subtilis spores at earth-ambient and low atmospheric pressure: implications for spore survival on other planets or moons in the solar system

Two major parameters influencing the survival of Bacillus subtilis spores in space and on bodies within the Solar System are UV radiation and vacuum, both of which induce inactivating damage to DNA. To date, however, spore survival and DNA photochemistry have been explored only at the extremes of Earth-normal atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa) and at simulated space vacuum (10(-3)-10(-6) Pa). In this study, wild-type spores, mutant spores lacking alpha/beta-type small, acid-soluble spore proteins (SASP), naked DNA, and complexes between SASP SspC and DNA were exposed simultaneously to UV (254 nm) at intermediate pressure (1-2 Pa), and the UV photoproducts cis,syn-thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer (c,sTT), trans,syn-thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer (t,sTT), and "spore photoproduct" (SP) were quantified. At 101.3 kPa, UV-treated wild-type spores accumulated only SP, but spores treated with UV radiation at 1-2 Pa exhibited a spectrum of DNA damage similar to that of spores treated at 10(-6) Pa, with accumulation of SP, c,sTT, and t,sTT. The presence or absence of alpha/beta-type SASP in spores was partly responsible for the shift observed between levels of SP and c,sTT, but not t,sTT. The changes observed in spore DNA photochemistry at 1-2 Pa in vivo were not reproduced by irradiation of naked DNA or SspC:DNA complexes in vitro, suggesting that factors other than SASP are involved in spore DNA photochemistry at low pressure.