发展中的电子战系统战略及支援技术

本文从系统叙述法出发,探讨当今和未来电子战所面临的关键性技术要求。这些要求受威胁预测及更高作战实用能力的需要制约。最终设计,通常要求系统设计师和工艺师相互合作,以满足性能、可靠性、可维护性,互通性和费用可负担方面的要求。系统设计师在要求提高综合性能和技术能力时,采用改进系统结构,掌握技术知识,提高封装技术和支援措施。技术专家为了提供先进的分系统,提高器件性能与能力,而增加集成度以提高生产能力。本文对目前和发展中的电子战系统的需求作了设想,并将这些需求与相应的微波分系统及技术要求联系起来逐一叙述。     

可见光和红外传感器的飞行实验

可见光和近可见光传感器在研究阶段初期曾被广泛应用,后来,微波传感器的出现使其相形见拙。然而,在近期的大量新一代传感器的飞行实验中,这种传感器大有东山再起之势。本文将简要介绍可见光及红外等第一代传感器及其在机载实验中的使用情况,叙述从机械式到推扫式扫描仪再到非扫描传感器的发展过程。本文所提及的传感器均为法国及欧洲最新的传感器设备。     

基于PC／104的惯性仪表精密温控系统设计

介绍了惯性器件温度误差补偿方法的研究现状，并设计了基于PC／104实现的陀螺仪精密温控系统。详细论述了温控系统总体方案、组成、基本工作过程及控制算法。     

用于ESM系统的CFAR处理器

作者研究了一种用于ESM接收机自适应门限系统的CFAR处理器的设计。对于这种用途，ESM系统的重要技术指标是接收不同宽度和速率的脉冲以及噪声干扰性。确定背景噪声统计的主要难题是干扰信号问题。在背景噪声功率的允差范围内，提出一种MEx-CFAR处理器，它具有良好的抗干扰脉冲的能力。当噪声功率变化大时，建议采用AMEx-CFAR处理器的性能。采用反馈环路结构。AMEx处理器能快速适应新的背景条件。本文用蒙特卡罗模拟研究了所提出的CFAR处理器在各种情况下的性能，讨论了用以确定处理器设计参数的方法。     

一种对磁场的震动具有低灵敏度的简单新颖的铷原子频标

ＴＦＬ开发了一种设计简单，耐用的新型铷原子频标，这个设计在传统的设计上进行了两项改进：１采用适当的电路改进震动和加速度的速率灵敏度；２进行适当的电路改进降低频标的磁场灵敏度。     

基于FPGA的S模式询问信号的侦收解码

S模式询问信号包括前同步脉冲和有效数据两个部分,且通过PAM和DPSK调制方式发送出去。针对其信号特点,从时域和频域考虑,给出两种解码方法,并对其计算机仿真结果进行了对比,得出互谱分析法抗干扰能力优于基于DFT解调法的结论。在ISE开发软件环境下,采用硬件编程语言VHDL,实现了基于FPGA的互谱分析解码设计。     

An Event Horizon Imager(EHI) Mission Concept Utilizing Medium Earth Orbit Sub-mm Interferometry

Submillimeter interferometry has the potential to image supermassive black holes on event horizon scales, providing tests of the theory of general relativity and increasing our understanding of black hole accretion processes. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) performs these observations from the ground, and its main imaging targets are Sagittarius A* in the Galactic Center and the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy. However, the EHT is fundamentally limited in its performance by atmospheric effects and sparse terrestrial (u,v)-coverage (Fourier sampling of the image). The scientific interest in quantitative studies of the horizon size and shape of these black holes has motivated studies into using space interferometry which is free of these limitations. Angular resolution considerations and interstellar scattering effects push the desired observing frequency to bands above 500 GHz.
This paper presents the requirements for meeting these science goals, describes the concept of interferometry from Polar or Equatorial Medium Earth Orbits (PECMEO) which we dub the Event Horizon Imager (EHI), and utilizes suitable space technology heritage. In this concept, two or three satellites orbit at slightly different orbital radii, resulting in a dense and uniform spiral-shaped (u,v)-coverage over time. The local oscillator signals are shared via an inter-satellite link, and the data streams are correlated on-board before final processing on the ground. Inter-satellite metrology and satellite positioning are extensively employed to facilitate the knowledge of the instrument position vector, and its time derivative. The European space heritage usable for both the front ends and the antenna technology of such an instrument is investigated. Current and future sensors for the required inter-satellite metrology are listed. Intended performance estimates and simulation results are given.      

基于图像的测量方法在工业风洞跨声速流测量中的最新进展

风洞中非定常复杂流场的实验研究要求先进的测量技术.基于图像的测量技术中最重要的是测量平面流速度场、平面压强分布、模型位置和变形、模型温度以及定量的高速流可视化等技术.DLR(德国宇航研究院)对这些技术的应用包括从低速流到跨声速流、从增升装置到螺旋桨和旋翼、从弹射装置和水塔储水罐尾迹流旋涡到三角翼上涡破裂现象等的研究.由于跨声速风洞的特殊环境,将基于图像的测量技术用于跨声速流要求专门的技术开发和有经验的科学家.给出了DLR空气动力学和流动技术研究所将基于图像的测量技术应用于跨声速流研究的最新进展.     

Whole lichen thalli survive exposure to space conditions: results of Lithopanspermia experiment with Aspicilia fruticulosa

The Lithopanspermia space experiment was launched in 2007 with the European Biopan facility for a 10-day spaceflight on board a Russian Foton retrievable satellite. Lithopanspermia included for the first time the vagrant lichen species Aspicilia fruticulosa from Guadalajara steppic highlands (Central Spain), as well as other lichen species. During spaceflight, the samples were exposed to selected space conditions, that is, the space vacuum, cosmic radiation, and different spectral ranges of solar radiation (λ?≥?110, ≥200, ≥290, or ≥400?nm, respectively). After retrieval, the algal and fungal metabolic integrity of the samples were evaluated in terms of chlorophyll a fluorescence, ultrastructure, and CO(2) exchange rates. Whereas the space vacuum and cosmic radiation did not impair the metabolic activity of the lichens, solar electromagnetic radiation, especially in the wavelength range between 100 and 200?nm, caused reduced chlorophyll a yield fluorescence; however, there was a complete recovery after 72?h of reactivation. All samples showed positive rates of net photosynthesis and dark respiration in the gas exchange experiment. Although the ultrastructure of all flight samples showed some probable stress-induced changes (such as the presence of electron-dense bodies in cytoplasmic vacuoles and between the chloroplast thylakoids in photobiont cells as well as in cytoplasmic vacuoles of the mycobiont cells), we concluded that A. fruticulosa was capable of repairing all space-induced damage. Due to size limitations within the Lithopanspermia hardware, the possibility for replication on the sun-exposed samples was limited, and these first results on the resistance of the lichen symbiosis A. fruticulosa to space conditions and, in particular, on the spectral effectiveness of solar extraterrestrial radiation must be considered preliminary. Further testing in space and under space-simulated conditions will be required. Results of this study indicate that the quest to discern the limits of lichen symbiosis resistance to extreme environmental conditions remains open.     

Responses of haloarchaea to simulated microgravity

Various effects of microgravity on prokaryotes have been recognized in recent years, with the focus on studies of pathogenic bacteria. No archaea have been investigated yet with respect to their responses to microgravity. For exposure experiments on spacecrafts or on the International Space Station, halophilic archaea (haloarchaea) are usually embedded in halite, where they accumulate in fluid inclusions. In a liquid environment, these cells will experience microgravity in space, which might influence their viability and survival. Two haloarchaeal strains, Haloferax mediterranei and Halococcus dombrowskii, were grown in simulated microgravity (SMG) with the rotary cell culture system (RCCS, Synthecon). Initially, salt precipitation and detachment of the porous aeration membranes in the RCCS were observed, but they were avoided in the remainder of the experiment by using disposable instead of reusable vessels. Several effects were detected, which were ascribed to growth in SMG: Hfx. mediterranei's resistance to the antibiotics bacitracin, erythromycin, and rifampicin increased markedly; differences in pigmentation and whole cell protein composition (proteome) of both strains were noted; cell aggregation of Hcc. dombrowskii was notably reduced. The results suggest profound effects of SMG on haloarchaeal physiology and cellular processes, some of which were easily observable and measurable. This is the first report of archaeal responses to SMG. The molecular mechanisms of the effects induced by SMG on prokaryotes are largely unknown; haloarchaea could be used as nonpathogenic model systems for their elucidation and in addition could provide information about survival during lithopanspermia (interplanetary transport of microbes inside meteorites).